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All Journal Tanjungpura Journal of Coaching Research Jurnal Olahraga Rekreasi Masyarakat
Ibrahim, Ahmed Jalal
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PSYCHOLOGY PRESSURES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DECISION-MAKING AMONG INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL REFEREES IN IRAQ Ibrahim, Ahmed Jalal; Hussein, Emad Abbas; Abdulhalim, Saleh Nayef
Journal Olahraga Rekat (Rekreasi Masyarakat) Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): In Press: Jurnal Olahraga ReKat (Rekreasi Masyarakat)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21009/jor.v5i1.66603

Abstract

Background. Psychological pressure is an inherent characteristic of human performance in situations demanding rapid response and accurate judgment, particularly in the complex and multifaceted world of sports. Research Problem refereeing football is a sporting task that demands a high level of focus, accuracy, and emotional stability, given nature of refereeing decisions, which are made quickly and under influence of numerous factors. These factors include psychological pressures stemming from importance of matches, behavior of players and coaching staff, fan reactions, and constant media scrutiny. Objectives. This research aims to identify level of psychological stress and decision-making skills among international football referees in Iraq, and to reveal nature of relationship between them in light of realities of refereeing in field. Method. The researcher used a descriptive correlational approach, and the research population consisted of 20 officially accredited international referees with Iraqi Football Association during 2025–2026 sports season, selected purposively at a rate of 100%. A 30-item stress scale and a 26-item decision-making scale were used, after their validity and reliability were verified using appropriate scientific methods. Results. Results showed that referees' stress levels were relatively high, while their decision-making abilities were very good. Results also revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between stress and decision-making, indicating that increased stress leads to a relative decrease in the efficiency of refereeing decisions. Conclusion. International football referees in Iraq suffer from a relatively high level of psychological pressure. The referees have a good level of decision-making. There is a statistically significant inverse correlation between psychological stress and decision-making. Psychological pressures negatively affect speed and accuracy of refereeing decisions during matches.
Muscular strength and its contribution to the accuracy of medium and long passes among youth handball players of Kiwan Club Hussein, Emad Abbas; Ibrahim, Ahmed Jalal; Hussein, Mahmoud Abbas
Tanjungpura Journal of Coaching Research Vol 4, No 1 (2026): Tanjungpura Journal of Coaching Research
Publisher : Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tajor.v4i1.103346

Abstract

Background. Passing accuracy in handball depends on proper neuromuscular activation and fast muscle force production. There is still little evidence supporting which type of muscular strength has the greatest impact on youth players’ medium and long passes accuracy. Objectives. Investigate the correlation between muscular strength components and youth Kiwan club players’ medium and long passes accuracy and identify the contribution of each muscular strength component on each skill. Methods. The research design was descriptive correlational. Participants included youth players in Kiwan Handball club. Physiological variables consisted of three muscular strength components: explosive strength, speed-strength, and strength endurance. Skill-related variables included medium and long pass accuracy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Predictive strength of muscular strength components on medium and long passes accuracy was analyzed using multiple regression model, along with contribution analysis. Results. Muscular strength components were strongly correlated with passes accuracy. Regression analysis showed speed-strength is the only muscular strength component that significantly predicts youth players’ medium passes accuracy (t = 6.337, p
Co-Authors Abdulhalim, Saleh Nayef Hussein, Emad Abbas Hussein, Mahmoud Abbas