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Roshlan Rahman Dipto
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Humanities Social Sciences

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Beginning of the Cosmos in the Light of Philosophy and Cosmology Rahman, Atikur; Roshlan Rahman Dipto
HISTORICAL: Journal of History and Social Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): History and Cultural Innovation
Publisher : Perkumpulan Dosen Fakultas Agama Islam Indramayu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58355/historical.v5i1.248

Abstract

The question of whether the cosmos has a finite beginning or an infinite past remains a central issue in both philosophy and contemporary cosmology. This study investigates the metaphysical and physical plausibility of a past-eternal universe by integrating philosophical analysis with conceptual examination of modern cosmological models. Employing qualitative philosophical methodology and critical analysis of theoretical physics, the paper evaluates temporal ontology (A-theory and B-theory), the implications of special relativity, and paradoxes associated with actual infinities, including Thomson’s Lamp and a formalized infinite traversal analogy. The analysis argues that an actual infinite temporal regress generates logical and metaphysical difficulties, particularly under a dynamic conception of temporal becoming. Furthermore, the paper examines the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker model, the Hawking–Penrose singularity theorems, and the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, assessing their implications for past completeness. While certain speculative models attempt to avoid a temporal boundary, they remain mathematically constrained and philosophically contentious. The study concludes that both metaphysical reasoning and contemporary cosmology provide convergent support for the thesis that the cosmos is temporally finite and had a definite beginning.
Philosophical and Modern Scientific Revival of John Duns Scotus in Defense of Principle of Causality Roshlan Rahman Dipto; Md. Iftakhar Hossain Simanto
HISTORICAL: Journal of History and Social Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): History and Cultural Innovation
Publisher : Perkumpulan Dosen Fakultas Agama Islam Indramayu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58355/historical.v5i1.241

Abstract

In this paper, the causal principle, "whatever begins to exist has a cause" is defended  by resurrecting the medieval philosopher John Duns Scotus's argument for God's existence. In light of recent criticisms from philosophers and new atheists who question the universality of causality by pointing to uncaused beginnings and quantum indeterminacy, we reconcile Scotus's modal-metaphysical framework with contemporary philosophy and physics. In support of the causal principle, a thorough analysis of the premises has been presented. We also provide a scientific and philosophical case against limitless causal regresses. By integrating modern empirical natural philosophy with medieval natural theology, the synthesis reaffirms the causal principle's relevancy in modern time and attempts to refute arguments against God's existence as First Cause based upon attacking the causal principle.
Co-Authors Md. Iftakhar Hossain Simanto Rahman, Atikur