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All Journal Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Jurnal KIK-AK
Santoso, A P
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Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Physics Social Sciences Other

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Assessing the Threat of Online Scamming–Based Human Trafficking: Transnational Criminal Capacity and National Security Implications in the Myawaddy Case Santoso, A P
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i1.85

Abstract

Online scamming–based human trafficking has emerged as a complex transnational phenomenon that combines digital deception with coercive exploitation. This research analyzes the threat posed by human trafficking syndicates operating in Myawaddy, Myanmar, by examining their operational intent, capacity, and the vulnerabilities that enable sustained victimization. This study employs a qualitative methodology, drawing data from semi-structured interviews with repatriated Indonesian victims, institutional stakeholders involved in protection and law enforcement, and subject matter experts, complemented by secondary data from international organization reports and scholarly literature. The analysis is framed using Hank Prunckun’s threat assessment and vulnerability assessment framework. The findings indicate that the threat level is high, driven by persistent criminal intent and advanced transnational operational capability, while vulnerabilities remain acute due to economic pressure, limited digital safeguards, normalized online recruitment practices, and gaps in cross-border oversight. From a national security perspective, this threat is non-traditional and multidimensional, affecting human security, political and diplomatic capacity, social resilience, economic stability, and cybersecurity. The study concludes that addressing this threat requires an integrated security response that combines disruption of transnational scam operations with structural efforts to reduce domestic vulnerabilities that sustain exposure to exploitation.
ANCAMAN SINDIKAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING BERBASIS ONLINE SCAMMING DI MYAWADDY, MYANMAR PADA KEAMANAN NASIONAL INDONESIA Santoso, A P
Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Kepolisian dan Anti Korupsi Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Kajian Ilmu Kepolisian dan Anti Korupsi Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31599/1z03bg90

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the threat posed by online scamming–based human trafficking syndicates operating in Myawaddy, Myanmar, to Indonesia’s national security. The research employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing primary data from semi-structured interviews with repatriated Indonesian victims and representatives of relevant institutions, as well as secondary data from international organization reports and scholarly literature. The analysis is based on Hank Prunckun’s (2019) Threat Assessment and Vulnerability Assessment framework. The findings indicate a total threat coefficient of 18.0 (high category), driven by the syndicates’ strong desire and expectation to sustain and expand their operations, supported by acute capabilities derived from advanced knowledge and transnational resources. Meanwhile, the total vulnerability score reaches 13 (acute category), influenced by economic pressures, low levels of digital literacy, the normalization of online recruitment practices, and gaps in crossborder   oversight. From a national security perspective (Barry Buzan; Law No. 17 of 2011; Wantannas), this threat is classified as a multidimensional non-traditional threat affecting human security, political and diplomatic security, social and economic stability, as well as cybersecurity and information security.  
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