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All Journal Journal of Applied Sciences, Management and Engineering Technology (JASMET)
Trisnawardhana, Muhammad Rifky
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Numerical Investigation Of Reinforcement Ratio Effects on the Flexural Performance of High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Beams Trisnawardhana, Muhammad Rifky; Piscesa, Bambang; Komara, Indra
Journal of Applied Sciences, Management and Engineering Technology Vol 7, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31284/j.jasmet.2026.v7i1.8516

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio on the flexural behavior of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete (GPC) beams using three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis (3D NLFEA). Beams with identical geometry and shear reinforcement were modeled, with reinforcement ratios varied from under-reinforced to over-reinforced conditions. Material properties were based on validated experimental data. Results show that increasing reinforcement enhances flexural strength but significantly reduces ductility and energy absorption. Under-reinforced beams exhibited ductile, tension-controlled failure governed by steel yielding, while over-reinforced beams failed abruptly due to concrete crushing. The transition from ductile to brittle behavior occurs at significantly lower reinforcement ratios in GPC (around ρ = 0.0157) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. Based on ductility ratio, energy absorption, and toughness index i10, a maximum reinforcement ratio of ρ ≤ 0.010 is recommended for ductile design of high-calcium fly ash GPC beams.
Co-Authors Bambang Piscesa Indra Komara, Indra