<![CDATA[Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus requires consistent self-management, and successful disease control is strongly influenced by patients’ self-efficacy in performing daily care behaviors. Existing instruments mainly emphasize behavioral and treatment-related aspects and may not adequately capture broader holistic dimensions, including psychosocial adaptation and spiritual coping.Objective: This study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Holistic Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (HDSES) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.Methods: This methodological study followed four stages of instrument development, namely construct definition, item pool generation, scale design, and psychometric evaluation. The HDSES was conceptualized across six dimensions: nutrition, physical exercise, treatment adherence, blood glucose check, psychosocial adaptation, and spiritual coping. The initial questionnaire consisted of 30 items and was reviewed by three nurse lecturers specializing in diabetic care. Data were collected from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the working areas of public health centers in Kendari City using simple random sampling. The final instrument consisted of 28 items rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very uncertain) to 5 (very confident). Validity was assessed using Pearson correlation, and reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha.Results: The findings showed that all six HDSES dimensions demonstrated adequate item validity and good internal consistency. The dimensions of nutrition, physical exercise, treatment adherence, blood glucose check, psychosocial adaptation, and spiritual coping were all found to be valid and reliable for assessing holistic diabetes self-efficacy.Conclusion: The HDSES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring holistic diabetes self-efficacy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. The scale may support more comprehensive nursing assessment, health education, and tailored interventions in primary care settings.]]>
