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All Journal Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
Abbas, Zainab M.
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology

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Bioindicators of heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetation around abandoned mining sites: Implications for ecological restoration Abbas, Zainab M.; Shandookh, Fatima Kareem
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management Vol. 13 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2026.132.10049

Abstract

Derelict mines are chronic sources of heavy metals, threatening ecosystem integrity and human health. This study evaluated native flora and soil composition as bioindicators of contamination in three abandoned mining areas in Wasit Province, Iraq: Al-Aziziyah (lead-zinc), Old Kut (copper-cobalt), and Northern Al-Numaniyah. Soil and vegetation samples were analyzed via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Zn, and Cu. Findings revealed Al-Aziziyah soils exceeded Iraqi/WHO limits for Pb (1,842 mg/kg; 36×) and Cd (12.7 mg/kg; 25×). The Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) categorized Pb and Cd as "extremely polluted" (Class 6). Atriplex tatarica and Chenopodium murale demonstrated high Bioconcentration Factors (BCF>1) for Pb and Cd, whereas Prosopis farcta exhibited high root-to-shoot translocation (TF>1) for Zn. These indigenous halophytic and ruderal species serve as effective bioindicators and phytoremediation candidates. We propose a bioindicator-based ecological restoration model combining field surveillance, community involvement, and adaptive management to restore disturbed post-mining landscapes in low-resource environments. This solution aligns with Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good Health) and 15 (Life on Land).
Assessment of heavy metal contamination and environmental risk in soils and surface waters adjacent to phosphate mining areas, Southern Iraq Shandookh , Fatima Kareem; Abbas, Zainab M.
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management Vol. 13 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2026.133.10543

Abstract

Phosphate mining is a major driver of land degradation and heavy metal contamination. This study provides a comprehensive geo-environmental and health risk assessment of eight heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Co) in soils and surface waters surrounding an active phosphate mining complex in southern Iraq. Fifteen soil and five water samples were collected along a distance gradient of 85-3,100 m from the mining center and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Geochemical pollution indices, including the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), were applied to quantify contamination severity. Cd and Pb exhibited the highest contamination factors (9.14 and 3.50, respectively), yielding a composite PLI of 2.85. The PERI of 866.5 indicated very high ecological risk, with Cd contributing over 63% of the total risk burden. Surface water at proximal sites exceeded WHO drinking water guidelines for Pb (38.5 ?g/L), Cd (4.85 ?g/L), and As (22.5 ?g/L). Non-carcinogenic hazard indices exceeded the safety threshold in children at six sites (HI up to 16.39), while carcinogenic risk from Cr(VI) and As surpassed the 10?? threshold. Principal Component Analysis identified three spatially distinct contamination clusters correlated with distance from the mining epicenter. Urgent remediation, land use restrictions, and continuous environmental monitoring are strongly recommended.
Co-Authors Shandookh , Fatima Kareem Shandookh, Fatima Kareem