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All Journal Global Economic, Social, and Development Review (GESDR)
Widjanarko, Yeremia
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Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences

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China and Protectionism in Advanced Manufacturing: Why It is Prioritised and How It is Done Widjanarko, Yeremia
Global Economic, Social, and Development Review Vol. 29 No. 2 (2025): Global Economic, Social, and Development Review (GESDR)
Publisher : Economics Departement, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/gesdr.v29i2.7763

Abstract

This study offered critical reinterpretation of China’s protectionist trade policies within its advanced manufacturing sector, focusing specifically on the development of the solar photovoltaic panels, electric vehicles, and lithium-ion batteries. By moving beyond normative justification for protectionism, the analysis employed the Infant Industry Argument as a solid theoretical lens to dissect the strategic rationale, institutional mechanisms, and specific policy instruments underpinning this state-driven initiative. The research employed a qualitative, case-study methodology, drawing on historical data from official government policy documents, industry reports, and numerous academic articles. The findings demonstrated that China’s success in practicing protectionist policies on its advanced manufacturing sectors stemmed not from passive or indefinite protection but from a dynamic and unique policy architecture. Its model strategically employed initial, timely-bounded subsidies and tariffs with the active promotion of market competition and clear performance benchmarks. This approach compelled firms to innovate and achieve economies of scale. Furthermore, the protection was deliberately made to be phased out, adapting industrial maturity through gradual liberalisation. Consequently, this strategy fostered globally competitive industrial champions, thereby avoiding the technological stagnation and market distortion in historical cases. This study concluded that China’s trajectory redefined the IIA as sophisticated governance strategy where protection was inherently conditional, competitive, and transitional, demonstrating its significant efficacy.
21st Century Competition: State & Conglomeration-Driven Capitalism Widjanarko, Yeremia
Global Economic, Social, and Development Review Vol. 29 No. 1 (2025): Global Economic, Social, and Development Review (GESDR)
Publisher : Economics Departement, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/gesdr.v29i1.7272

Abstract

Indonesia needs to choose an economic model in order to realise its target of 8% GDP growth under Prabowo Subianto’s incoming administration. This paper compares both China’s state capitalism and South Korea’s conglomerate-driven capitalism for their relevance to Indonesia. China’s model, with a significant state intervention and SOEs prominent role, greatly driven industrialisation and average of 9% GDP growth over 30 years. Whilst South Korea’s model, dominated by conglomeration, focuses more on innovation in tech and exports, thus achieving a stable 4% average GDP growth. Employing data from the World Bank on FDI, exports, and GDP in constant 2015 USD, this paper examines both of these models using the Comparative Political-Economy framework. The findings showed that the China’s state capitalism to be more suitable for Indonesia due to capability of managing a large scale economy and the need of centralisation of resource control, infrastructure development and economic transitions. The blending of state control and market dynamics offers flexibility to tackle challenges in the economy. Nevertheless, the issues of inefficiencies must be in concern.
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