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All Journal Journal of Islamic Mysticism, Psychotherapy, and Philosophy
Akhmad Rofii Damyati
STAI Al Mujtama Pamekasan
Religion Humanities

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The Therapeutic Dimensions of the Soul in Al-Ghazali: A Study of Islamic Psychotherapy Sadrul Eslam TAHİRİ; Akhmad Rofii Damyati
VIRTUOUS JOURNAL Vol 1 No 2 (2024): November
Publisher : STAI Al-Mujtama Pamekasan

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This article examines the therapeutic dimensions of the soul (nafs) in the thought of Al-Ghazali and explores its relevance for contemporary Islamic psychotherapy. Grounded primarily in al-Ghazali’s magnum opus Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the study employs a qualitative textual and conceptual analysis to reconstruct his model of the human psyche and its mechanisms of healing. Al-Ghazali conceptualizes the human being as an integrated entity composed of the nafs, qalb, ʿaql, and rūḥ, where psychological disturbances arise from imbalances among these interrelated faculties. Unlike modern reductionist approaches that isolate mental disorders from spiritual conditions, al-Ghazali frames psychological illness as a manifestation of moral and spiritual disorientation, including diseases of the heart such as envy, arrogance, and excessive attachment to worldly desires. The study further demonstrates that al-Ghazali proposes a structured therapeutic process centered on tazkiyat al-nafs (purification of the soul), mujāhadah (self-discipline), and riyāḍah (spiritual training), supported by cognitive reorientation through maʿrifah (knowledge of God and the self). These elements collectively form a holistic psychotherapeutic system that integrates ethical refinement, cognitive transformation, and behavioral regulation. The findings suggest that al-Ghazali’s model anticipates key aspects of contemporary therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive restructuring and mindfulness, while maintaining a distinct theocentric orientation. This research contributes to the development of an Islamically integrated psychotherapy framework by offering a systematic reconstruction of al-Ghazali’s therapeutic psychology and highlighting its enduring relevance in addressing modern psychological challenges.
Pokok-Pokok Pemikiran Sufi Imam Junaid Al-Baghdadi: Analisis Tasawuf Sunni Klasik Nukman bin Jurkapali; Akhmad Rofii Damyati
VIRTUOUS JOURNAL Vol 2 No 2 (2025): November
Publisher : STAI Al-Mujtama Pamekasan

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This article examines the core ideas of Junaid al-Baghdadi as a central figure in the formation of classical Sunni Sufism. The main focus of this study is an analysis of the concepts of tawḥīd, fanāʾ–baqāʾ, ṣaḥw (spiritual awareness), and the integration between sharīʿah and ḥaqīqah. The research employs a qualitative method based on literature study with a descriptive-analytical approach to both classical sources and contemporary academic studies. The results indicate that Junaid al-Baghdadi developed a moderate and systematic model of Sufism, emphasizing a balance between the exoteric dimension (sharīʿah) and the esoteric dimension (ḥaqīqah). He rejected extreme forms of Sufism that disregard sharīʿah norms and emphasized the importance of rational control in mystical experiences. His concept of ṣaḥw serves as the foundation for a “conscious” and measured Sufism, in contrast to the ecstatic (sukr) model that tends to be expressive. This article concludes that Junaid al-Baghdadi’s thought makes a fundamental contribution to constructing an integrative and ethical Sunni Sufi paradigm that remains relevant within the context of contemporary Islamic spirituality.
Co-Authors Nukman bin Jurkapali Sadrul Eslam TAHİRİ