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Suren Azad Ramadhan
Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Knowledge University, Erbil – 44001, Kurdistan Region
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Pharmaceutical Education and Rational Drug Use Patterns in Urban Kirkuk: Pendidikan Farmasi dan Pola Penggunaan Obat yang Rasional di Kota Kirkuk Sara Assif Younis; Suren Azad Ramadhan; Karez Abdulghany Omer; Muhannad Omer Taher; Rawand Sirwan Izzalddin; Diyar Salahuddin Ali
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13098

Abstract

Background: Irrational drug use remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. Specific Background: In conflict-affected regions such as Kirkuk, limited regulation and widespread self-medication exacerbate unsafe practices. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence linking pharmaceutical education to rational drug use in such contexts remains scarce. Aim: This study examined the relationship between pharmaceutical education and knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding medication use among Kirkuk residents. Results: A cross-sectional survey of 200 participants revealed that higher educational attainment was significantly associated with safer medication behaviors (p < 0.05), including instruction reading and pharmacist consultation, although irrational practices persisted. Novelty: This study provides rare data from a conflict-affected Middle Eastern urban setting. Implications: Findings highlight the need for integrated, culturally responsive educational and regulatory strategies to promote rational drug use beyond knowledge acquisition alone. Highlights:• Pharmaceutical education improves awareness but does not eliminate irrational drug use• Younger adults show higher self-medication tendencies• Gender and education significantly shape medication practices Keywords: Pharmaceutical Education, Rational Drug Use, Self-Medication, Community Health, Iraq
Co-Authors Diyar Salahuddin Ali Karez Abdulghany Omer Muhannad Omer Taher Rawand Sirwan Izzalddin Sara Assif Younis