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All Journal ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Trends in Mechanical Engineering Research
Jayanudin Jayanudin
Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Synthesis and Characterization of Carrageenan-Chitosan Milkfish Scales-Based Hydrogel for Slow-Release Fertilizer Asri Azizah; Diana Triyanti; Putri Sahira; Anisa Putri; Retno Sulistyo Dhamar Lestari; Jayanudin Jayanudin
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 22, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.22.1.102933.157-169

Abstract

This study aims to develop a superabsorbent hydrogel as a slow-release fertilizer based on a combination of carrageenan-glucomannan and carrageenan-chitosan derived from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scale waste. The hydrogel was synthesized by chemical crosslinking with glutaraldehyde concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. Hydrogel characterization included swelling ratio tests, gel fraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), urea absorption (Xo), and urea release kinetics in both aqueous and soil media. The results indicate that a 8% glutaraldehyde concentration yielded optimal performance in both hydrogel systems, achieving the highest gel fractions (>90%) and maximum urea absorption capacities of 8.05 g/g for carrageenan-glucomannan and 13.31 g/g for carrageenan-chitosan. The carrageenan-glucomannan hydrogel exhibited a higher swelling ratio of 630% at 2% glutaraldehyde concentration and slower urea release in soil, ranging from 0.192% to 4.113% over 7 days. In contrast, the carrageenan-chitosan hydrogel demonstrated stronger chemical affinity for urea but released it more rapidly, ranging from 1.037% to 7.092% over the same period. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of a three-dimensional network structure and chemical interactions among the components.
A REVIEW ON CONTROLLED DEGRADATION OF BIODEGRADABLE SYNTHETIC POLYMERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Dimas Alfian Arif Surya; Treisya Indah Pratami; Ainu Rohmah; Vitro Rahmat; Jayanudin Jayanudin
Trends in Mechanical Engineering Research Vol 4, No 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62870/timer.v4i1.38464

Abstract

Biodegradable synthetic polymers have become key materials in modern controlled drug delivery systems due to their tunable physicochemical properties and predictable degradation behavior. This review critically discusses three of the most widely used polymers—poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)—with emphasis on their degradation mechanisms, structure–property relationships, and implications for drug release and clinical performance. PLGA undergoes hydrolytic degradation into biocompatible lactic and glycolic acids, with degradation rate and release profiles strongly influenced by molecular weight, monomer ratio, and end-group chemistry. PCL, owing to its high crystallinity and hydrophobicity, degrades more slowly via bulk or surface erosion, making it suitable for long-term delivery depots and tissue-engineering applications. PEG, particularly in hydrogel-based systems, degrades primarily through crosslink cleavage, enabling diffusion- and degradation-controlled release while maintaining a non-acidic environment favorable for sensitive biomolecules. Advances in amphiphilic block copolymers, such as PLGA–PEG–PLGA, PCL–PEG–PCL, and PEG-based hybrid systems, further enhance drug solubilization, micellization, and stimuli-responsive behavior, allowing precise and sustained delivery. Overall, this review highlights how a comprehensive understanding of polymer degradation mechanisms and structural design is essential for developing next-generation drug delivery systems with improved safety, stability, and therapeutic efficacy.
Co-Authors Ainu Rohmah Anisa Putri Asri Azizah Diana Triyanti Dimas Alfian Arif Surya Putri Sahira Retno Sulistyo Dhamar Lestari Treisya Indah Pratami Vitro Rahmat