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All Journal Baileo: Jurnal Sosial Humaniora
Phumuzani Mpofu
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Humanities Environmental Science Social Sciences

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Exploring the Underlying Factors Contributing to Millennials and Generation Z’s Difficulties in Entering Marriage in South Africa Phumuzani Mpofu; Bakhe Dlamini
Baileo: Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Vol 3 No 3: May 2026 (on process)
Publisher : Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30598/baileofisipvol3iss3pp618-633

Abstract

This study explores the factors underlying the difficulties faced by Millennials and Generation Z in entering marriage in South Africa, while examining the social, cultural, economic, and psychological dynamics shaping such decisions. Employing a qualitative case study design within the framework of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and a transformative paradigm, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with purposively selected unmarried participants aged 18–45. The findings reveal that marriage is no longer perceived as an automatic life stage but as a reflexively negotiated institution balancing sacred values and transactional considerations. Key barriers include fear of divorce rooted in family experiences, economic constraints—particularly wedding costs and lobola practices—prioritization of education and career, shifting gender roles, the influence of social media in constructing unrealistic expectations, and the need for emotional readiness and psychological maturity. The study also identifies a shift in the meaning of marriage from a foundational life stage to a capstone achievement requiring financial stability, individual autonomy, and relational competence. This research contributes theoretically by applying CHAT to conceptualize marriage as a dynamic and contradiction-laden activity system, positioning delayed marriage as a complex negotiation between tradition and modernity rather than rejection. The findings highlight the need for adaptive social policies and interventions addressing relational skills, financial literacy, and culturally sensitive reforms.
Exploring the Lived Experiences of Street Homeless Persons in Johannesburg, South Africa Emmison Muleya; Constance Matshidiso Lelaka; Johanna Kedibone Deka; Phumuzani Mpofu
Baileo: Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Vol 3 No 3: May 2026 (on process)
Publisher : Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30598/baileofisipvol3iss3pp598-617

Abstract

This study examines the lived experiences of individuals experiencing street homelessness in Johannesburg, South Africa, with a focus on the structural, social, and personal factors shaping their conditions. A qualitative approach using a descriptive phenomenological design was employed. Ten adult participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. The findings indicate that homelessness is driven by an interplay of family breakdown, unemployment, poverty, substance abuse, and relationship dissolution. Participants reported prolonged exposure to harsh living conditions, significant health challenges, limited access to healthcare, and frequent experiences of violence and exploitation. Structural barriers, particularly the lack of identification documents, further restricted access to essential government services. Survival strategies included recycling, begging, and transactional sex. Contrary to common assumptions, most participants were South African citizens rather than foreign nationals. This study highlights the agency and resilience of homeless individuals and underscores the need for integrated, trauma-informed, and rights-based interventions through multi-stakeholder collaboration to inform inclusive urban policies and sustainable social responses.
Co-Authors Bakhe Dlamini Constance Matshidiso Lelaka Emmison Muleya Johanna Kedibone Deka