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All Journal African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Biosafty Evaluation of “Makann” A Bi-herbal Formulation on Female Mice: Kidney and Liver Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Gerald Ikechi Eze; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5424

Abstract

This study evaluated the biosafety of “Makann”, a bi-herbal formulation (Garcinia kola and Carica papaya), on the kidneys and liver of female mice. The collected, washed, shade-dried and processed plant extract (the biherbal formulation) was administered in various groups of female mice at 2 g/kg as a single dose for 24 hours and 14 days, and 14 days daily dose, focusing on body weight, temperature, haematological parameters, organ weight, and histology of the organs using standard analytical methods. The results indicated the biherbal formulated extract at 2 g/kg had no significant difference in the body weight and temperature of the treated animals across single doses of 24 hr and 14 days and 14 daily doses when compared with the control. There was a significant increase in white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration in the 24-hr single-dose treated group. Platelet count was significantly increased in all treatment groups compared with the control (p<0.05). The effects of the biherbal extract showed no significant difference in organ weights (liver and kidney) in single doses of 24 hr and 14 days, and daily doses of 14 days when compared with the control groups (p<0.05). The histopathological evaluation of the understudied vital organs revealed no lesions or signs of hepatorenal toxicity across the treatment groups when compared with the control. The insignificant toxicity observed in the biherbal formulation across the studied parameters suggested that the biherbal formulation may exhibit less or no toxicity at the studied dose of 2000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the biherbal formulation may be used at 2 g/kg for safety purposes; further studies on its safety at long-term and other dose administrations should be carried out.
Biosafety Profiling of “Makann”, a Bi-herbal Formulation in Histopatology of the Brain and Uterus Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Gerald Ikechi Eze; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5456

Abstract

The biosafety of Garcinia kola and Carica papaya aqueous root extract "makann," a bi-herbal formulation, on the brain and uterus of female mice was examined. Plant roots were harvested, washed, shade-dried, and processed into an aqueous formulation extract. The bi-herbal formulation extract was administered orally at a dose of 2 g/kg in the treatment groups, as a single dose for 24 hr and 14 days, with a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 14 days. The investigation measured body weight, temperature, hematological parameters, organ weights (brain and uterus), and histology of the organs using standard experimental techniques. The results revealed no significant changes in body weight and temperature in the treated animals compared to the control group in all treatment groups. Hematological parameters in the 24-hour treated group showed a significant increase in white blood cell count, lymphocytes, red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared to the control (p<0.05). However, in 24-hr single, 14-day single and 14-day daily doses, platelet count was significantly increased. The organ weights of the brain and utserus showed no significant difference in bi-herbal formulation extract-treated groups compared with the control group (p<0.05). Histopathological evaluations of the examined organs did not reveal any lesions or signs of toxicity in the brain and uterus across all treatment groups compared to the control. In conclusion, the non-adverse changes in the parameters studied suggest that the bi-herbal formulation at 2 g/kg and for a period not more than 2 weeks may exhibit minimal or no toxicity, and its effect on long-term use should be investigated.
Effects of Reproductive and Contractile Potential of “Makann” a Bi-herbal Formulation in Mice Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i2.5154

Abstract

Spontaneous uterine contractions are strictly controlled and coordinated for the success of various reproductive functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate uterine activity of bi-herbal formulation of G. kola and C. papaya roots in rodents. Ex-vivo BH cumulative concentrations response on spontaneous contractions, oxytocin induced contraction in the presence and absence of calcium and potassium induced contraction were determined. In vivo reproductive investigation in female mice and oestrogenicity in immature rats were carried out using standard methods. In uterine contractility studies, there was an increase in amplitude of spontaneous contractions with a steady decrease in the frequency. An increase in oxytocin amplitude and frequency was observed in calcium physiological salt solution (PSS) however, only amplitude was increased in oxytocin calcium-free PSS. Potassium chloride had a slight increase in amplitude. The reproductive cycle and uterothrophic assay exhibited no significant increase in relative uterine weight. The histology of the ovary, cervix and uterus showed normal cellular structural architecture. Oestrous cycle regularity and cycle number were increased in the BH treatment groups. In conclusion, an increase in female hormone as evident in oestrous cycle response validate the use of this formulation in traditional medicine for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Phytochemistry and Uterine Contractile Effect of VLC Fractionated Bi-herbal Formulation “Makann” in Mice Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Josephine Omose Ofeimun; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i2.5155

Abstract

This study evaluate the phytochemistry, uterine activity of a bi-herbal formulation of G. kola and C. papaya roots in rodents. Identification of phytochemical compounds in BH was done using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fractionated with vacuum liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Ex-vivo BH elicited cumulative concentrations response on spontaneous contractions of oxytocin-induced contraction in the presence and absence of calcium and potassium induced contraction. The Phytochemicals showed alkaloids (Hordenine, Cytisine, Methyl Jasmonate, Galanthamine and an unidentified compound), flavonoids (benzoic acid, isoquercetin, rutin, chlorogenic acid and an unidentified compound), phenols (eugenol and ferulic acid) and cardiac glycosides (metildigoxin, cymarin and alpha-acetyldigoxin). The fractions were tested for spontaneous uterine contractions. Uterine contraction had an isncrease in amplitude spontaneous contractions with a steady decrease in frequency. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study adhere to the folklore report, validating its myometrial contractile response with the implicated phytoconstituents.
Co-Authors Bafor Evi Enitome Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel Gerald Ikechi Eze Josephine Omose Ofeimun MacDonald Idu