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All Journal Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Fadawa F. G
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Compounding of Synthesized Monomethylol Urea and Hydroxylated Palm Kernel Oil as Composite Resin for Emulsion Paint Formulation Archibong C. S; Bintu Kime; Fadawa F. G
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 1 No 1 (2024): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3608

Abstract

Palm kernel oil which is a triglyceride was subjected to chemical modification of its structure to add hydroxyl groups. The hydroxylated chemical structure was cross-linked with monomethylol urea, a thermoset resin to produce a composite MMU/HPKO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to ascertain the existence of chemical interactions between MMU and HPKO, the reduction of the absorption band around 3360.69cm-1 which is due to the presence of hydroxyl groups was an indication of the occurrence of chemical reaction between hydroxylated palm kernel oil and monomethylol urea. The compounded composite was further characterized for the eval_uation of physical and mechanical properties. Properties like the elongation at break, viscosity, Gel time, Turbidity and Refractive index increases with percentage inclusion of HPKO until at above 50% where changes were noticed. While parameters like Formaldehyde emission, Moisture uptake, Density and melting point decreases with percentage loading of HPKO. Copolymerization successfully combined the advantages of MMU specie with HPKO while offsetting their shortcomings in a synergetic manner to create a higher performance class of polymer. Therefore, the blending of monomethylol urea with the hydroxylated palm kernel oil in this research work has added flexibility to MMU which hitherto was brittle and hard, improve it water resistance properties because of the hydrophobic nature of the hydroxylated palm kernel oil, and has brought about a reduction in the formaldehyde emission of monomethylol urea due to the percentage’s inclusion of hydroxylated palm kernel oil and subsequent deduction of monomethylol urea.
Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil and Monomethylol Urea as Co-Polymer Binder for a Water-Resistant Paint Archibong C. S; Thliza B. A; Fadawa F. G; Akaakondo F. T
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7345

Abstract

The development of eco-friendly and efficient binders remains a critical focus in modern paint formulation. In this study, the triglyceride structure of palm kernel oil was epoxidized and structurally modified to create reactive sites for chemical bonding. The resulting epoxidized palm kernel oil (EPKO) was chemically blended with monomethylol urea (MMU), a thermoset resin obtained from one-step condensation polymerization of urea and formaldehyde to produce a hybrid copolymer composite (EPKO/MMU). Structural characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed chemical interactions between EPKO and MMU, evidenced by upward and downward shifts in absorption bands. Rheological evaluation revealed enhanced film-forming properties. Viscosity, refractive index, elongation at break, and turbidity increased with higher EPKO content up to 50%, after which deviations were observed. Conversely, melting point, density, formaldehyde emission, and moisture uptake decreased with continuous EPKO incorporation. The hybrid copolymer successfully combined the advantages of both components, mitigating the rigidity and high formaldehyde emission of MMU while enhancing flexibility, hydrophobicity, and water resistance contributed by EPKO. The findings demonstrate the potential of EPKO/MMU composites as sustainable, high-performance binders for emulsion paint applications, offering improved environmental compatibility and superior material properties.
Co-Authors Akaakondo F. T Archibong C. S Bintu Kime Thliza B. A