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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Open Access DRIVERset Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Open Access DRIVERset
Agere H.I.J.
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Social Sciences

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Secondary School Students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria Joseph T. R.; Mijah A. K.; Elizabeth A.; Ogbadu J. I; Agbakyeni H.E; Agere H.I.J.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.8286

Abstract

Intestinal protozoan infections continue to pose public health challenges among school-aged children in developing regions, particularly where sanitation, water quality, and hygiene practices are inadequate. This study assessed the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal protozoan infections among secondary school students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was used to sample 400 students from five public secondary schools. Stool samples were examined using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques, while structured questionnaires assessed demographic characteristics, hygiene behaviour, sanitation practices, and knowledge levels. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at a 5% significance level. The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoa was 6.75% (95% CI: 4.5–9.0%), comprising Giardia lamblia (3.25%) and Entamoeba histolytica (3.50%). Maramara Government Day and Yakasaen Government Day Schools recorded the highest prevalence (10.0% each), while Government Day School had the lowest (2.5%). The difference in prevalence across schools was not statistically significant (χ² = 5.864; p = 0.661), indicating that risk factors are likely widespread across the metropolis rather than localized within specific schools. Several behavioural and environmental factors contributed to infection risk, including inconsistent handwashing before meals (38.15%), use of unsafe water sources such as streams (9.98%), and open defecation at home (19.95%) and in schools (12.22%). Knowledge gaps were substantial, as 62.84% of students were unaware of intestinal parasites, while 52.12% did not understand transmission routes. Domestic animal ownership (63.53%), irregular footwear use, and low deworming history further increased susceptibility. The findings demonstrate a moderate burden of intestinal protozoa driven by modifiable risk factors. Strengthening school-based health education, improving sanitation facilities, ensuring access to safe water, and implementing routine deworming programs are essential to reducing protozoal transmission and improving student health outcomes in Wukari Metropolis.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Secondary School Students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria Joseph T. R.; Mijah A. K.; Elizabeth A.; Ogbadu J. I; Agbakyeni H.E; Agere H.I.J.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.8286

Abstract

Intestinal protozoan infections continue to pose public health challenges among school-aged children in developing regions, particularly where sanitation, water quality, and hygiene practices are inadequate. This study assessed the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal protozoan infections among secondary school students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was used to sample 400 students from five public secondary schools. Stool samples were examined using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques, while structured questionnaires assessed demographic characteristics, hygiene behaviour, sanitation practices, and knowledge levels. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at a 5% significance level. The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoa was 6.75% (95% CI: 4.5–9.0%), comprising Giardia lamblia (3.25%) and Entamoeba histolytica (3.50%). Maramara Government Day and Yakasaen Government Day Schools recorded the highest prevalence (10.0% each), while Government Day School had the lowest (2.5%). The difference in prevalence across schools was not statistically significant (χ² = 5.864; p = 0.661), indicating that risk factors are likely widespread across the metropolis rather than localized within specific schools. Several behavioural and environmental factors contributed to infection risk, including inconsistent handwashing before meals (38.15%), use of unsafe water sources such as streams (9.98%), and open defecation at home (19.95%) and in schools (12.22%). Knowledge gaps were substantial, as 62.84% of students were unaware of intestinal parasites, while 52.12% did not understand transmission routes. Domestic animal ownership (63.53%), irregular footwear use, and low deworming history further increased susceptibility. The findings demonstrate a moderate burden of intestinal protozoa driven by modifiable risk factors. Strengthening school-based health education, improving sanitation facilities, ensuring access to safe water, and implementing routine deworming programs are essential to reducing protozoal transmission and improving student health outcomes in Wukari Metropolis.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Secondary School Students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria Joseph T.R.; Mijah A.K.; Elizabeth A.; Ogbadu J.I.; Agbakyeni H.E.; Agere H.I.J.
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i3.12060

Abstract

Intestinal protozoan infections remain a public health concern among school-aged children in developing regions where access to safe water, sanitation, and appropriate hygiene practices is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and potential risk factors among secondary school students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 students from five public secondary schools. Stool specimens were examined using direct wet-mount and formol–ether concentration techniques, while structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics, hygiene behaviours, sanitation practices, and knowledge. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at a 5% significance level. The overall prevalence was 6.75% (95% CI: 4.5–9.0%), comprising Giardia lamblia (3.25%) and Entamoeba histolytica (3.50%). Maramara Government Day School and Yakasaen Government Day School each recorded a prevalence of 10.0%, whereas Government Day School recorded the lowest prevalence at 2.5%. Prevalence did not differ significantly across schools (χ² = 5.864, p = .661), suggesting that exposure conditions may be distributed across the metropolis rather than concentrated in particular schools. Potential behavioural and environmental risk conditions included inconsistent handwashing before meals (38.15%), reliance on unsafe water sources such as streams (9.98%), and open defecation at home (19.95%) and at school (12.22%). Knowledge deficits were also evident: 62.84% of students were unaware of intestinal parasites, and 52.12% did not understand their transmission routes. Domestic animal ownership (63.53%), irregular footwear use, and limited deworming history represented additional potential exposure factors. The findings demonstrate an appreciable burden of intestinal protozoan infections associated with modifiable behavioural, environmental, and knowledge-related conditions. Strengthening school-based health education, improving water and sanitation infrastructure, promoting consistent hygiene practices, and implementing routine parasitological screening and appropriate treatment programmes are essential for reducing transmission and improving student health in Wukari Metropolis.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Secondary School Students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria Joseph T.R.; Mijah A.K.; Elizabeth A.; Ogbadu J.I.; Agbakyeni H.E.; Agere H.I.J.
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i3.12060

Abstract

Intestinal protozoan infections remain a public health concern among school-aged children in developing regions where access to safe water, sanitation, and appropriate hygiene practices is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and potential risk factors among secondary school students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 students from five public secondary schools. Stool specimens were examined using direct wet-mount and formol–ether concentration techniques, while structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics, hygiene behaviours, sanitation practices, and knowledge. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at a 5% significance level. The overall prevalence was 6.75% (95% CI: 4.5–9.0%), comprising Giardia lamblia (3.25%) and Entamoeba histolytica (3.50%). Maramara Government Day School and Yakasaen Government Day School each recorded a prevalence of 10.0%, whereas Government Day School recorded the lowest prevalence at 2.5%. Prevalence did not differ significantly across schools (χ² = 5.864, p = .661), suggesting that exposure conditions may be distributed across the metropolis rather than concentrated in particular schools. Potential behavioural and environmental risk conditions included inconsistent handwashing before meals (38.15%), reliance on unsafe water sources such as streams (9.98%), and open defecation at home (19.95%) and at school (12.22%). Knowledge deficits were also evident: 62.84% of students were unaware of intestinal parasites, and 52.12% did not understand their transmission routes. Domestic animal ownership (63.53%), irregular footwear use, and limited deworming history represented additional potential exposure factors. The findings demonstrate an appreciable burden of intestinal protozoan infections associated with modifiable behavioural, environmental, and knowledge-related conditions. Strengthening school-based health education, improving water and sanitation infrastructure, promoting consistent hygiene practices, and implementing routine parasitological screening and appropriate treatment programmes are essential for reducing transmission and improving student health in Wukari Metropolis.
Co-Authors Agbakyeni H.E Agbakyeni H.E. Elizabeth A. Joseph T. R. Joseph T.R. Mijah A. K. Mijah A.K. Ogbadu J. I Ogbadu J.I.