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All Journal Proceeding Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health
Nurhuda Ismail
MARA University of Technology
Public Health

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Prognostic Scoring for Chronic Kidney Disease Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Malaysia: A Review of the i-CKD Tool Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar Khebir; Tajul Rosli Razak; Muhammad Iqbal Abdul Hafidz; Nurhuda Ismail; Mohamad Rodi Isa
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major complication of type 2 diabetes and contributes significantly to morbidity and healthcare costs in Malaysia. Early recognition of individuals at risk is essential, yet current clinical prediction practices remain inconsistent and are not systematically informed by combined clinical and biochemical parameters. A structured prognostic score offers a systematic approach to support early risk stratification and timely intervention. Objective : This review aims to synthesize evidence on the development and validation of the i-CKD prognostic scoring tool designed to predict chronic kidney disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This review will explore the staged development process of the i-CKD score, including the identification of key predictive factors, development of the scoring model, and subsequent internal and external validation. The methodological evaluation will emphasize the selection of predictors and statistical assessment of model discrimination and reliability throughout each phase. Results : A prognostic scoring tool (i-CKD score) will be developed and undergo internal and external validation to determine its predictive performance. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This review underscores the value of structured risk stratification in the early detection and management of chronic kidney disease. While various prognostic tools have been proposed, limitations in standardization, validation, and clinical integration persist. The i-CKD score has the potential to strengthen clinical decision-making by supporting earlier identification of high- risk individuals.
Prognostic Models for Recurrent Bacteriologically ConfirmedTuberculosis: Evidence and Applications in Malaysia Nur Adila Che Rameli; Tajul Rosli Razak; Nurhuda Ismail; Ahmad Izuanuddin Ismail; Muhammad Muaz Shahriman Teruna; Muhammad Muzzammil Mohamad Salleh; Mohamad Zuhair Mohamed Yusoff; Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar Khebir; Muhammad Irfan Mohd Sallehhu
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Bacteriologically confirmed recurrent tuberculosis (TB) continues to become a hurdle to TB elimination efforts. Patients experiencing recurrence face poorer treatment outcomes, higher mortality and increased risk of community transmission. Early identification of high-risk individuals for recurrence is important to support targeted surveillance, timely clinical follow-up and optimised preventive strategies. A prognostic risk score offers a systematic approach to risk-stratifying and promotes proactive intervention before disease reactivation. Objective : To develop and validate a prognostic bacteriologically-confirmed recurrent TB risk score Methods : Research The process will be conducted in three phases: identification of independent predictors associated with bacteriologically confirmed recurrent TB and development of the risk score, internal validation and external validation. Predictor selection and model development will be using multivariable regression techniques. Model performance will be assessed through discrimination and calibration indices and will be evaluated across phases.Methods/ Implementation Results :This study will produce a validated bacteriologically confirmed Recurrent TB risk score tool. The parameters of sensitivity, specificity, receiver operative characteristics, will be calculated and compared to determine the performance of the tool. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This study will be able to identify high risk individuals prior to recurrence and has the potential to guide targeted monitoring, strengthen TB control efforts and reduce TB burden. Findings also support evidence based risk stratification for other infectious disease with recurrence potential.
Co-Authors Ahmad Izuanuddin Ismail Mohamad Rodi Isa Mohamad Zuhair Mohamed Yusoff Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar Khebir Muhammad Iqbal Abdul Hafidz Muhammad Irfan Mohd Sallehhu Muhammad Muaz Shahriman Teruna Muhammad Muzzammil Mohamad Salleh Nur Adila Che Rameli Tajul Rosli Razak