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All Journal Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation
Febry Yeni Gultom
Universitas Negeri Medan
Education

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ANALISIS PENERAPAN PROJECT-BASED LEARNING (PJBL) TERINTEGRASI STEM DALAM MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN ABAD KE-21 PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Febry Yeni Gultom; Odor Debora Pita Uli Sinaga; Irma Ria Vael Nasution
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang Vol. 12 No. 02 (2026): Volume 12 No. 2, Juni 2026 Publish
Publisher : STKIP Subang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36989/didaktik.v12i02.12316

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the implementation of STEM-integrated Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in enhancing 21st century skills in science education through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study reviewed 17 scientific articles published between 2020 and 2024, obtained from the Google Scholar database. The analysis process was conducted through identification, screening, and selection stages based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicate that the implementation of STEM-integrated PjBL consistently has a positive impact on 21st century skills, particularly critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, and problem-solving skills. Bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer reveals that research trends are shifting toward the integration of technology, entrepreneurship, and sustainability issues. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PjBL-STEM implementation is influenced by the use of real-world problems, active student engagement, and interdisciplinary integration of STEM. In conclusion, STEM-integrated PjBL can serve as an effective and relevant instructional approach to improve the quality of science learning and to prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century.
Literature Study: Cortisol Hormone to DHEA-S Ratio as an Indicator of HPA Axis Activity in Chronic Stress and Insulin Resistance Odor Debora Pita Uli Sinaga; Febry Yeni Gultom; Judika Adventist Maleakhi Sihite; Naomi Putri Chelsea Solin; Melva Silitonga
AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Juni 2025
Publisher : CV. Rayyan Dwi Bharata

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.57235/arrumman.v2i1.6010

Abstract

Chronic stress can disrupt the regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, causing dysregulation of cortisol secretion and an imbalance in the ratio of cortisol to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which is implicated in the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Cortisol, as an insulin antagonist, increases hepatic glucose production and reduces peripheral glucose uptake, while DHEA-S has a protective effect on glucose metabolism. This literature review aims to evaluate the evidence related to the role of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio as a potential biomarker in the relationship between chronic stress and insulin resistance. The method used is a critical synthesis of previous studies on the mechanism of the HPA axis, the impact of stress on glucose metabolism, and the clinical significance of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio. The results of the analysis indicate that an imbalance in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio due to chronic stress contributes to impaired insulin sensitivity, reinforcing the importance of this biomarker approach in the management of T2DM risk. This study highlights the need for further research to validate the use of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio as a predictive tool and therapeutic intervention.
Co-Authors Irma Ria Vael Nasution Judika Adventist Maleakhi Sihite Melva Silitonga Naomi Putri Chelsea Solin Odor Debora Pita Uli Sinaga