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SHIFTS IN VOTER BEHAVIOR AND THE ELECTORAL CHALLENGES FACING PKB IN THE 2024 DEMAK LOCAL ELECTION Nina Sakinah; Supratiwi
SOSIOEDUKASI Vol 15 No 1 (2026): SOSIOEDUKASI : JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU PENDIDIKAN DAN SOSIAL
Publisher : Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universaitas PGRI Banyuwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36526/sosioedukasi.v15i1.7207

Abstract

Recent developments in Indonesia’s local democracy reveal a reconfiguration of voter behavior that challenges assumptions about the durability of identity-based electoral loyalty. This article analyzes the electoral defeat of the National Awakening Party (PKB) in the 2024 Demak local election as an empirical anomaly, given the party’s strong socio-religious embeddedness and its electoral dominance in the simultaneous legislative election within the same district. Rather than attributing the outcome solely to organizational weakness, the study situates PKB’s loss within broader shifts in voter rationality, the declining mobilizational capacity of religious identity, and structural constraints shaping local party performance. Employing a qualitative, narrative-based literature review, the article engages with scholarship on voting behavior, Islamic political mobilization, party institutional functions, and subnational democratic competition in Indonesia. The analysis demonstrates that voters increasingly evaluate candidates and parties through pragmatic, contextual, and performance-oriented considerations, thereby weakening the determinative role of Nahdlatul Ulama based identity appeals. Concurrently, deficiencies in candidate recruitment, limited campaign adaptability, and coordination challenges within broad electoral coalitions constrained PKB’s capacity to convert symbolic legitimacy and organizational networks into effective electoral support. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the declining electoral relevance of religious identity and emphasizing adaptive party organization in local Indonesian politics contemporary.
SHADOW ELECTORAL INFRASTRUCTURE: THE EXISTENCE AND INFLUENCE OF BOTOH Anggi Fransiska Putri; Supratiwi
SOSIOEDUKASI Vol 15 No 2 (2026): SOSIOEDUKASI : JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU PENDIDIKAN DAN SOSIAL
Publisher : Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universaitas PGRI Banyuwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36526/sosioedukasi.v15i2.8486

Abstract

Indonesian elections are formally democratic yet empirically shaped by informal practices. Among the most persistent undertheorized actors is the botoh. Existing literature treats botoh as transactional vote buyers within clientelism frameworks. This article argues that botoh constitute a shadow electoral infrastructure a durable, patterned informal institutional arrangement that systematically organizes electoral competition. Employing a qualitative synthesis of empirical case studies from multiple Indonesian local elections (Tulungagung, Lamongan, Blitar, Kudus, Banjarnegara, Pamekasan, Rembang, and Central Kalimantan), the analysis reveals that botoh perform three core functions mass mobilization, vote-buying coordination, and propaganda activism through hierarchical, socially embedded networks spanning the entire electoral cycle. Three systemic patterns emerge: standardization of practices across regions, recurrence across election cycles, and candidate dependence on botoh as essential infrastructure. Drawing on informal institutions theory, brokerage, and embeddedness, the concept of shadow electoral infrastructure shifts analysis from actor-level explanations of vote buying to system-level understanding of how elections are organized under weak formal institutionalization. Botoh are not pathologies of democracy but constitutive features of how Indonesian elections actually work.
Co-Authors Anggi Fransiska Putri Nina Sakinah