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All Journal International Journal of Business, Law, and Education POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI)
Nanin Koeswidi Astuti
Faculty of Law, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Neuroscience Social Sciences Other

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A Non-Coercive Leasing Debt Enforcement Model: Reconceptualizing Compliance through Blockchain-Based Systems Nanin Koeswidi Astuti
POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JANUARY
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/polri.v5i1.2147

Abstract

Debt collection in motor vehicle financing in Indonesia continues to rely heavily on coercive practices carried out by third-party actors commonly known as mata elang (matel). These methods do more than raise questions of civil liability; they frequently spill over into social conflict and serious criminal law risks, as illustrated by recurring incidents of violence resulting in loss of life and broader public harm. Such conditions point to a deeper, systemic failure in the enforcement of credit agreements—one that has evolved through informal mechanisms and operates with fragile legal legitimacy. This study undertakes a normative examination of the structural weaknesses inherent in coercive debt collection practices and advances a non-coercive enforcement model grounded in blockchain technology. Using a normative legal methodology supported by conceptual and analytical approaches, the research explores issues of legitimacy, criminal liability risk, legal certainty, and the role of the state in enforcing credit obligations. The findings suggest that blockchain-based enforcement offers a transparent, automated, and institutionalized contractual framework that replaces physical force and social intimidation with systemic compliance. Rather than sidelining the state, this model strengthens state involvement through regulatory oversight and institutional validation, fostering a more legitimate, proportionate, and rule-of-law-oriented approach to obligation enforcement.
Consensus-Based Pricing Model for Professional Services: A Legal and Technological Approach in Indonesia Nanin Koeswidi Astuti
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1536

Abstract

The digital economy has significantly expanded professional service transactions in Indonesia; however, no established mechanism currently provides a reliable benchmark for determining fair service fees. This gap has contributed to price disparities, information asymmetry, and unequal bargaining power between service providers and clients. This study aims to examine the legal framework governing professional service pricing, assess the compatibility of a consensus-based pricing model with competition law principles, and develop a conceptual Consensus-Based Pricing Model. The study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings demonstrate that the proposed model does not constitute price fixing, as it merely provides a transparent, non-binding, and informative pricing benchmark while preserving the parties' freedom to negotiate the final price. By leveraging digital platforms through a co-regulatory approach, the model has the potential to reduce information asymmetry, strengthen consumer protection and legal certainty, and promote fair market competition.
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