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All Journal JBIO: jurnal biosains (the journal of biosciences) Journal of BioSustainability
Oko, Gregory Elayeche
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology

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Comparative Evaluation Antioxidant Potentials and Phenolic Composition of Ethanolic Extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Anacardium occidentale, and Phyllanthus amarus in Calabar Okonkwo, Chibuzor Onyinye; Oko, Gregory Elayeche; Oyong, Nelson Bikom; Okonkwo, Sunday Nnamdi; Chukwu, Chizuruoke Oluomachi; Essien, David-Oku
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Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia and Konsorsium Biologi Indonesia

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Abstract

Oxidative stress contributes to the development of degenerative and metabolic diseases, and plants rich in phenolic compounds serve as natural antioxidants capable of mitigating its effects. This study comparatively evaluated the antioxidant potentials and phenolic composition of ethanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Anacardium occidentale, and Phyllanthus amarus harvested in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Standard in vitro assays were employed, including DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydrogen peroxide scavenging, catalase activity, and total phenolic content (TPC). The results revealed that A. occidentale exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (30.93 ± 0.32%) followed by C. odorata (18.10 ± 0.72%) and P. amarus (9.48 ± 0.19%). However, P. amarus demonstrated the highest reducing and enzymatic antioxidant capacities, with FRAP (0.41 ± 0.01 µmol Fe²⁺/g), catalase (4.77 ± 0.12 µmol H₂O₂/min/mg), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (156.60 ± 1.42 µmol/mL), and TPC (2.97 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g). A. occidentale displayed moderate FRAP (0.14 ± 0.002 µmol Fe²⁺/g), catalase (3.30 ± 0.20 µmol H₂O₂/min/mg), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (90.90 ± 1.37 µmol/mL), and TPC (2.53 ± 0.56 mg GAE/g), while C. odorata recorded FRAP (0.28 ± 0.02 µmol Fe²⁺/g), catalase (4.30 ± 0.10 µmol H₂O₂/min/mg), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (116.07 ± 5.06 µmol/mL), and TPC (0.86 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g). A positive correlation was observed between TPC and antioxidant indices across species. The overall results indicate that P. amarus possesses superior total antioxidant capacity, suggesting its potential as a promising natural source of antioxidant compounds for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
GC–MS and HPLC Characterization of Amino and Fatty Acid Composition in Two Locally Produced Complementary Foods for Infants in Calabar, Nigeria Oko, Gregory Elayeche; Onyinye Okonkwo, Chibuzor; Nnamdi Okonkwo, Sunday
JURNAL BIOSAINS Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): JURNAL BIOSAINS
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/4d1qqw35

Abstract

Complementary foods are important foods for ensuring optimal nutrition and growth in infants and young children. They are expected to fill the nutritional gaps that arise when breast milk alone no longer meets the child's dietary needs However, the nutritional adequacy of homemade complementary foods, which are commonly used in many developing countries, is often deficient in important nutrients. This study evaluated the amino acid and fatty acid compositions of two indigenously formulated complementary foods designed for infants in Calabar, Nigeria. The formulations were produced using locally available ingredients: Blend A (rice, egg yolk, apple, and banana) and Blend B (rice, Titus fish, avocado pear, and banana). Amino acid and fatty acid profiles were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) respectively. Results revealed that Blend A contained higher total fatty acids, dominated by oleic acid (89,700 ppm), linolenic acid (82,500 ppm), and linoleic acid (46,800 ppm), while Blend B exhibited more diverse amino acid composition, with phenylalanine (39.72 mg/100 g) and tryptophan (12.13 mg/100 g) as major essential amino acids. Both blends contained physiologically important fatty acids such as linoleic, α-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, crucial for infant development. The combined findings indicate that these locally formulated diets provide balanced macronutrient quality comparable to recommended dietary standards. The study establishes the potential of indigenous food resources as sustainable, cost-effective, and nutritionally adequate alternatives for complementary feeding and the prevention of childhood malnutrition in low-income settings.
Co-Authors Chukwu, Chizuruoke Oluomachi Essien, David-Oku Nnamdi Okonkwo, Sunday Okonkwo, Chibuzor Onyinye Okonkwo, Sunday Nnamdi Onyinye Okonkwo, Chibuzor Oyong, Nelson Bikom