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All Journal Journal of Academic Biology and Biology Education
Roszelina Abd Rahman
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Education Veterinary Other

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The Activity of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya L.) Varieties of “Bangkok” and “California” in Inhibiting the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria Roszelina Abd Rahman; Hilda Awaliah; Nora Syazehan Jems
Journal of Academic Biology and Biology Education Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Cahaya Ilmu Cendekia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37251/jouabe.v2i1.2190

Abstract

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from Bangkok and California papaya (Carica papaya) seeds against E. coli, Salmonella sp., and S. aureus, and to identify the chemical compounds responsible for their antibacterial properties using GC–MS analysis. Methodology: This study applied a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using ethanol extracts of Carica papaya seeds. Equipment included GC–MS, rotary evaporator, autoclave, laminar flow, vortex mixer, hot plate, incubator, and micrometer. Media and reagents were NA, NB, MHA, ethanol, DMSO, and Amoxicillin. Tested bacteria were E. coli, Salmonella sp., and S. aureus. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and DMRT using SPSS. Main Findings: Ethanol extracts of Carica papaya seeds (‘Bangkok’ and ‘California’) significantly inhibited E. coli, Salmonella sp., and S. aureus growth. The highest inhibition zones occurred at 20% concentration, with ‘California’ showing stronger activity against Salmonella sp. and ‘Bangkok’ against S. aureus. MIC was 20% for Gram-negative bacteria. GC–MS identified 20 compounds in ‘Bangkok’ and 24 in ‘California’, dominated by hexadecanoic acid and various alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and fatty acids. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides new insights by comparing the antibacterial activity and chemical composition of ethanol extracts from Carica papaya seeds of ‘Bangkok’ and ‘California’ varieties. It identifies specific bioactive compounds through GC–MS and reveals variety-dependent antibacterial effects, advancing knowledge of papaya seeds as natural antibacterial agents and supporting their potential development as alternative antimicrobial resources.
Structured Inquiry Learning: Enhancing Critical Thinking and Conceptual Understanding through Productive Questioning Agustina Agustina; Roszelina Abd Rahman
Journal of Academic Biology and Biology Education Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Cahaya Ilmu Cendekia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37251/jouabe.v2i2.2604

Abstract

Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the effect of structured inquiry learning based on productive questioning on students’ critical thinking skills and conceptual understanding of plant tissue structure in senior high school biology learning. Methodology: This study employed a quantitative quasi-experimental method using a non-equivalent control group design. Data were collected using critical thinking and conceptual understanding tests, observation sheets, and documentation. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, Levene’s homogeneity test, N-gain analysis, independent sample t-test, and effect size calculation using SPSS software. Main Findings: The results showed significant differences between experimental and control groups in critical thinking and conceptual understanding. The experimental group achieved higher posttest scores, moderate-to-high N-gain values, and large effect sizes. These findings indicate that structured inquiry learning with productive questioning effectively improves students’ higher-order thinking and conceptual mastery. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study integrates productive questioning explicitly within a structured inquiry learning model and examines its simultaneous effect on critical thinking and conceptual understanding. This approach provides new empirical evidence on how productive questioning strengthens cognitive engagement and enhances learning outcomes in biology education contexts.
Co-Authors Agustina Agustina Hilda Awaliah Nora Syazehan Jems