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All Journal Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Malacca Pharmaceutics
Grace Lendawati Amelia Turalaki
Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Engineering Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology

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The Evolving Landscape of the Colorectal Cancer Vaccines: From Biological Mechanisms to Translational Therapeutics Sabrina Brigitta Valerie Setiono; Grace Lendawati Amelia Turalaki; Trina Ekawati Tallei
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v4i1.372

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health burden, and despite substantial advances in cancer immunotherapy, the clinical efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines in CRC has been limited. This review critically examines the biological, immunological, and translational factors that shape CRC vaccine development, with a particular focus on tumor immunopathology, antigen selection, vaccine platforms, and emerging combination strategies. We summarize current knowledge on CRC-associated tumor antigens, including selected tumor-associated antigens and neoantigen-based approaches, alongside major vaccine modalities evaluated in preclinical and early-phase clinical studies. Across the literature, vaccine-induced immunogenicity frequently exceeds demonstrated clinical benefit, highlighting a persistent translational gap. Synthesis of available evidence suggests that this gap is driven primarily by CRC-specific immune constraints, including immune exclusion, dominance of immunologically cold MSS/pMMR tumors, and tolerogenic pressures within metastatic niches, particularly the liver. We further discuss how rational combination strategies, especially those integrating cancer vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), may partially overcome these barriers. In addition, the review outlines the conceptual role of bioinformatics and immunoinformatics in supporting antigen prioritization, neoantigen discovery, and patient stratification in CRC vaccine research. Overall, this review emphasizes that future progress will depend on CRC-tailored antigen selection, mechanistically informed vaccine design, rational combination regimens, and rigorous clinical evaluation to define the realistic clinical role of therapeutic cancer vaccines in CRC.
Integrative Network Pharmacology Study of Cordyceps militaris Compounds for Prostate Cancer Treatment Sarah Cecilia Astrid Laihad; Trina Ekawati Tallei; Lydia Estelina Naomi Tendean; Grace Lendawati Amelia Turalaki; Sylvia Ritta Marunduh; Diana Shintawati Purwanto; Billy Johnson Kepel; Abdul Hawil Abas
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v4i1.382

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men, while adverse effects and the development of drug resistance often limit current therapeutic strategies. Natural products have gained increasing attention as potential sources of novel anticancer agents due to their multitarget properties and relatively low toxicity. Cordyceps militaris, a medicinal fungus rich in bioactive compounds, has been reported to exhibit anticancer activity; however, its compound-target interactions in prostate cancer have not been comprehensively elucidated. This study aimed to explore the interactions between C. militaris bioactive compounds and prostate cancer-associated targets using a pharmacology network-based in silico approach. A total of 50 bioactive compounds were collected from metabolite profiling studies, of which 19 compounds were selected based on high predicted TP53 expression enhancer activity (Pa ≥ 0.7) using WAY2DRUG PASS analysis. Protein targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction and the Similarity Ensemble Approach, and then intersected with prostate cancer-associated proteins retrieved from GEPIA2, GeneCards, and OMIM, yielding 499 overlapping targets. Protein interaction network analysis was performed using STRING and visualized in Cytoscape, enabling the identification of key hub proteins based on the applied parameters, highlighting ten key proteins, including SRC, ESR1, MAPK1, AKT1, HSP90AA1, MAPK3, HSP90AB1, EGFR, GRB2, and PRKACA, within the interaction network. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these targets were predominantly involved in cancer-associated signaling pathways, such as the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway. Furthermore, the results revealed that the selected compounds interact with these key prostate cancer-associated proteins. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity evaluation predicted favorable drug-likeness and acceptable safety profiles for selected compounds. Overall, this study highlights the potential of C. militaris bioactive compounds as promising alternative for prostate cancer through multitarget modulation of clinically relevant signaling pathways. Further experimental validation is still required to confirm these findings.
Therapeutic Vaccines in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Immunologic Mechanisms, Therapeutic Platforms, and Barriers to Efficacy Ekklesia Wulan Matilda Rumambi; Trina Ekawati Tallei; Grace Lendawati Amelia Turalaki
Malacca Pharmaceutics Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/mp.v4i1.378

Abstract

Therapeutic vaccines for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) aim to improve treatment outcomes for a disease with high global incidence, mortality, and recurrence risk despite receiving standard multimodal therapy. This field focuses on the use of cancer antigens as vaccine targets in the context of immunology, influenced by immunovigilance, immunoreduction, and the tumor microenvironment, which suppresses the immune system. Mechanistic requirements for effective vaccination include selecting cancer antigens that are highly and homogeneously expressed, functionally linked to oncogenic pathways, and efficiently presented via MHC molecules to coordinate T cell responses. Peptide-based, dendritic cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and microbial vector-based vaccine platforms demonstrate safety and induction of antigen-specific cellular immunity responses. However, survival remains moderate and inconsistent, particularly in advanced-stage patients. Future progress will depend on rigorous, mechanism-based design that integrates data-driven antigen and epitope selection with tailored platform and route selection to shape the desired immune response, while also facilitating personalized and optimized vaccination strategies.
Co-Authors Abdul Hawil Abas Billy Johnson Kepel Diana Shintawati Purwanto Ekklesia Wulan Matilda Rumambi Lydia Estelina Naomi Tendean Sabrina Brigitta Valerie Setiono Sarah Cecilia Astrid Laihad Sylvia Ritta Marunduh Trina Ekawati Tallei