Amartya Sen tentang Teori Keadilan John Rawls: Kritik Pendekatan Komparatif atas Pendekatan Institusionalisme

Sunaryo Sunaryo (Nurcholish Madjid Society (NCMS))

Respons: Jurnal Etika Sosial
Vol 23 No 01 (2018): Respons: Jurnal Etika Sosial

ABSTRAK: Asumsi teoritis John Rawls mengenai keadilan mendapat kritik tajamAmartya Sen. Dengan mengacu pada teori kontrak sosial, Rawls, demikianpenilaian Sen, terjebak dalam institusionalisme. Dalam pendekatan ini, keadilanhanya menyentuh hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kedudukan seseorang sebagaiwarga negara. Bahkan, berdasarkan teori tersebut keputusan-keputusan kolektifhanya mempertimbangkan kedudukan kewarganegaraan seseorang. Dengankonsep ini, Sen menilai, Rawls membangun paradigma imparsialitas tertutup.Sebagai gantinya, Sen mengusulkan gagasan imparsialitas terbuka, denganasumsi bahwa keadilan harus mengatasi batas-batas kewarganegaraan. Dengancara ini Sen membangun pendekatan komparatif atas konsep keadilan.KATA KUNCI: Institusionalisme, keadilan komparatif, hal-hal pokok, niti, nyaya.Abstract: Amartya Sen’s criticism to John Rawls’ theory of justice is the message ofthis article. Most of his criticisms is focused on the institutionalism approach whichis embedded in Rawls’ theory of justice. Sen traces out that by following contractariantheories Rawls counts on justice in citizens’ interests. A person deserves justice as far ashe is a citizen. In this perspective, citizens’ interests become the fundamental reasonfor all collective decisions. In such way, Rawls developed closed impartiality ratherthan open impartiality. For Sen, the ground of justice should be much broader andbeyond the limit of citizenship. Th is is he calls the comparative justice. Th e idea ofjustice must count on the life of the people.KEYWORDS: Institusionalism, comparative justice, primary goods, niti, nyaya.