Cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential treatments

Ade Oktiviyari (Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia)
Zinatul Hayati (Infectious Disease Laboratory, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia)
Tjut Mariam Zanaria (Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia)

Trends in Infection and Global Health
Vol 2, No 1 (2022): June 2022

Cytokine storm is one of main features during respiratory distress caused by COVID-19 infection. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is directly linked with elevated number of COVID-19 mortality cases. Extreme amounts of pro-inflammatory cells are found in the lung of dead patients, mainly macrophages and IL-17 cells. A high level of IL-6 was found in the plasma COVID-19 patients and indicated the severity of diseases. Some other chemokines, such as CXCL10, IL6, CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL5, were upregulated as well as in COVID-19 patients and regulate the disease. In this review, we discuss the feature of cytokine storms and the current treatments used. We found that IL-6 has a significant role in exacerbated patients’ condition, and the suppression of this cytokine most likely benefits the patient. Another treatment with various targets has been proposed and proven as effective as well. Some of them are corticosteroids, anakinra, plasmapheresis, and interferons.