<![CDATA[The research on the comparative spatio-temporal analysis of NDVI, NDBI, and SAVI values for Kumo Island, Kakara Island, and Tagalaya Island from 2013, 2018, and 2024 offers insights into environmental dynamics influenced by human activities, particularly tourism. Key findings indicate that NDVI values, reflecting vegetation health, improved across all three islands, with Kumo Island showing the most significant increase from -0.0549 in 2013 to 0.2456 in 2024. NDBI values, indicative of urban development, also rose on all islands. Kumo Island's NDBI increased from -0.8734 in 2013 to -0.6561 in 2024, and Kakara Island's NDBI rose from -0.8838 in 2013 to -0.7183 in 2024. Tagalaya Island saw a more moderate rise in NDBI values from -0.8818 in 2013 to -0.7118 in 2024, suggesting controlled urban expansion. SAVI values, reflecting soil and vegetation conditions, also improved. Kumo Island's SAVI increased from -0.0365 in 2013 to 0.1138 in 2024, Kakara Island's from -0.1161 to -0.0319, and Tagalaya Island's from -0.1652 to -0.0732. These trends indicate effective soil conservation and sustainable land use practices. The findings highlight the dual impact of urbanization and environmental conservation, suggesting that while urbanization progresses, vegetation health and soil conditions are concurrently improving. This underscores the potential for balancing development with ecological sustainability through targeted conservation efforts. Future research should identify specific practices and policies contributing to these positive trends, ensuring economic development and environmental preservation can continue to coexist harmoniously on these islands]]>
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