Rekonstruksi Hukum Transaksi Digital: Function-Based Layered Contract Model pada Layanan Go-Food dalam Perspektif Fiqh Muamalah

Nur Fitria Habiba (Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara)
Najri Aulia (Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara)
M.Rifqi Al Husaini (Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara)
Junita Lubis (Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara)
Lusi Febriani (Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara)
Anju Syahrin Marpaung (Universitas Al-Azhar Cairo, Mesir)

Tabayyanu : Journal of Islamic Law
Vol. 2 No. 01 (2025)

The digital transformation of commercial transactions has created increasingly complex legal relationships that cannot always be adequately explained through conventional contractual classifications. Go-Food, as an online food delivery service, involves consumers, merchants, drivers, and digital platforms whose respective functions generate interconnected legal relationships. This study aims to reconstruct the legal structure of Go-Food transactions from the perspective of fiqh muamalah and to formulate a conceptual model capable of identifying the appropriate contractual structure, risk allocation, and legal responsibility among the parties. This study employs normative legal research using conceptual and statutory approaches. Legal materials consisting of Islamic legal sources, fiqh muamalah literature, legislation concerning electronic transactions and consumer protection, and relevant scholarly studies on digital platforms and online food delivery are analyzed qualitatively through functional and contractual analysis. The study finds that the Go-Food transaction cannot be adequately reduced to a single contractual relationship. Wakālah, ijārah, qardh, and hawālah may emerge from different transactional functions, but their application must be determined by the substantive acts and rights and obligations of the parties rather than by the labels attached to the platform's services. The study further demonstrates that platform-based transactions introduce additional issues concerning consumer protection, algorithmic control, risk allocation, and platform responsibility. As its principal contribution, this study proposes the Function-Based Layered Contract Model (FLCM), which analyzes digital transactions through four sequential dimensions: Function, Contract, Risk, and Responsibility. The model offers a systematic framework for reconstructing multi-layered contractual relationships in digital commerce while maintaining conformity with the principles of fiqh muamalah and Indonesian positive law.