<![CDATA[Implementing delay tolerant networks (DTNs) in smart cities for developing countries is promising. DTNs offer a low-cost network communication solution without expensive infrastructure, such as 3G/4G or LPWA networks provided by commercial operators. This paper considers sensor data collection in the Surabaya smart city scenario, and the use of DTNs is examined instead of the expensive infrastructure. However, a customized and optimized protocol is required since no existing DTN routing protocol perfectly matches the scenario. This paper proposes integrating a hop count-based message queue (HCMQ) and a message time-to-live (TTL)-based drop policy (MTDP) into the spray and hop distance protocol (SNHD), an enhanced version of the spray and wait (SNW) protocol. The Surabaya smart city scenario was simulated on the one simulator with a wide range of message generation rates at each sensor node. The proposed integration significantly improves the total size of delivered messages, especially when the message generation rate is high, i.e., in congested situations, compared to other routing protocols in this scenario. It also exhibits an average latency lower than other routing protocols. Overall, this integration enhances the DTNs protocol’s performance in a low-cost alternative data collection in the Surabaya smart city scenario.]]>
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