<![CDATA[Indonesia possesses the world's largest aquatic resources, with 17,504 islands and 6.49 million square kilometers of sea. Located in the coral triangle, Indonesia is home to diverse marine life, including vital coral reefs. However, these reefs face threats from climate change, pollution, and human activities, endangering biodiversity and coastal communities. Therefore, monitoring and preservation are crucial. This study evaluates various augmentation methods for classifying underwater coral reef images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Effective augmentation methods are essential due to the unique characteristics of these images. The methodology includes testing different augmentation methods, epoch parameters, and CNN parameters on a coral reef image dataset. Five optimization algorithms (AIWPSO, GA, GWO, PSO, and FOX) are compared. The highest accuracy, 95.64%, is achieved at the 10th epoch. AIWPSO and GA show the highest average accuracies, 93.44%, and 93.50%, respectively, with no significant performance differences among the algorithms. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test indicates a significant difference between training and validation accuracy (p-value = 0.0020). These findings underscore the importance of selecting augmentation methods that align with the characteristics of each optimization algorithm to enhance classification performance. The results provide valuable insights into improving the quality and diversity of input data for classification algorithms in underwater image analysis. They highlight the necessity of matching augmentation methods to specific optimization algorithms to boost accuracy and effectiveness significantly. Future research should explore additional augmentation methods and optimization algorithms further to enhance the robustness and accuracy of underwater image classification.]]>
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