<![CDATA[Literacy is a foundational skill that underpins students’ academic success and lifelong opportunities. Low literacy skills can result in long-term disadvantages such as limited access to higher education, low productivity, and social inequality. Indonesia continues to face challenges in improving students' literacy achievement, particularly at the primary school level. According to the PISA 2022 results, Indonesia ranked 69th out of 81 countries, indicating that students’ literacy levels remain relatively low. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the literacy achievement of primary school students in Province X. The analytical method employed is ordinal logistic regression with a backward stepwise approach. The dependent variable is the level of literacy achievement (categorized as low, moderate, and good), while the independent variables include learning quality, teacher reflection and improvement, instructional leadership, school climate (including safety, diversity, and inclusiveness), and curriculum type. The results show that the final selected model follows the partial proportional odds assumption and includes only the significant predictors identified through backward stepwise elimination. Variables that positively influence literacy achievement include safety climate, diversity, inclusiveness, curriculum type, and teachers’ reflection and improvement of learning. Model evaluation using AIC, BIC, and accuracy measures indicates good predictive performance. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers in designing strategies to enhance literacy through strengthening school climate and improving the quality of teaching and learning.]]>
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