Journal of Computing Theories and Applications
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): JCTA 3(2) 2025

Investigating a SMOTE-Tomek Boosted Stacked Learning Scheme for Phishing Website Detection: A Pilot Study

Eferhire Valentine Ugbotu (University of Salford)
Frances Uchechukwu Emordi (Dennis Osadebay University)
Emeke Ugboh (Federal College of Education (Technical))
Kizito Eluemunor Anazia (Southern Delta University)
Christopher Chukwufunaya Odiakaose (Dennis Osadebay University)
Paul Avwerosuoghene Onoma (Federal University of Petroleum Resources)
Rebecca Okeoghene Idama (Southern Delta University)
Arnold Adimabua Ojugo (Federal University of Petroleum Resources)
Victor Ochuko Geteloma (Federal University of Petroleum Resources)
Amanda Enaodona Oweimieotu (Edwin Clark University)
Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor (Robert Morris University)
Amaka Patience Binitie (Federal College of Education (Technical))
Anne Odoh (Pan-Atlantic University)
Chris Chukwudi Onochie (Federal College of Education (Technical))
Peace Oguguo Ezzeh (Federal College of Education (Technical))
Andrew Okonji Eboka (Federal College of Education (Technical))
Joy Agboi (Delta State University)
Patrick Ogholuwarami Ejeh (Dennis Osadebay University)



Article Info

Publish Date
01 Oct 2025

Abstract

The daily exchange of informatics over the Internet has both eased the widespread proliferation of resources to ease accessibility, availability and interoperability of accompanying devices. In addition, the recent widespread proliferation of smartphones alongside other computing devices has continued to advance features such as miniaturization, portability, data access ease, mobility, and other merits. It has also birthed adversarial attacks targeted at network infrastructures and aimed at exploiting interconnected cum shared resources. These exploits seek to compromise an unsuspecting user device cum unit. Increased susceptibility and success rate of these attacks have been traced to user's personality traits and behaviours, which renders them repeatedly vulnerable to such exploits especially those rippled across spoofed websites as malicious contents. Our study posits a stacked, transfer learning approach that seeks to classify malicious contents as explored by adversaries over a spoofed, phishing websites. Our stacked approach explores 3-base classifiers namely Cultural Genetic Algorithm, Random Forest, and Korhonen Modular Neural Network – whose output is utilized as input for XGBoost meta-learner. A major challenge with learning scheme(s) is the flexibility with the selection of appropriate features for estimation, and the imbalanced nature of the explored dataset for which the target class often lags behind. Our study resolved dataset imbalance challenge using the SMOTE-Tomek mode; while, the selected predictors was resolved using the relief rank feature selection. Results shows that our hybrid yields F1 0.995, Accuracy 0.997, Recall 0.998, Precision 1.000, AUC-ROC 0.997, and Specificity 1.000 – to accurately classify all 2,764 cases of its held-out test dataset. Results affirm that it outperformed bench-mark ensembles. Result shows the proposed model explored UCI Phishing Website dataset, and effectively classified phishing (cues and lures) contents on websites.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

jcta

Publisher

Subject

Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management

Description

Journal of Computing Theories and Applications (JCTA) is a refereed, international journal that covers all aspects of foundations, theories and the practical applications of computer science. FREE OF CHARGE for submission and publication. All accepted articles will be published online and accessed ...