<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the paradoxical role of urban infrastructure, which on the one hand drives economic growth, but on the other hand has the potential to reinforce socioeconomic inequality. The research method used is a critical qualitative approach with field studies in three major cities that have different infrastructure development characteristics. Primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with business actors, informal sector workers, local government officials, and directly affected communities. Participatory observation was conducted in business centers and suburban areas to map the distribution of infrastructure benefits. The results show that infrastructure development improves connectivity and economic productivity, especially for formal business actors and capital owners. However, the distribution of benefits is uneven; low-income communities are often marginalized due to rising land prices, gentrification, and forced relocation. Critical analysis reveals that without inclusive policies, infrastructure has the potential to widen the welfare gap between social groups. This study recommends the integration of redistribution policies, protection of vulnerable citizens, and public participation in urban infrastructure planning to achieve equitable economic growth]]>
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