<![CDATA[Legal pluralism is an unavoidable reality in countries with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, including Indonesia and Brazil. Therefore, it is important to conduct a comparative study on the practices of customary criminal law pluralism in both countries. This research employs normative juridical and empirical methods to examine both the constitutional basis and practical implementation ofindigenous legal traditions. The findings indicate that although both countries recognize the existence of customary law, they differ in legislative approaches, implementation strategies, and the relationship between state law and indigenous community law. Preventive and repressive legal protections are evaluated, emphasizing the need for clearer codification, participatory governance, and culturalsensitivity. Hindering factors such as legal fragmentation and political resistance are also identified. This study further recommends the necessity of formal recognition and integrative mechanisms that not only protect the rights of indigenous peoples but also ensure legal certainty and justice in a more inclusive manner. Future research is suggested to explore broader longitudinal and comparative frameworks.]]>
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