<![CDATA[Fermentation of agricultural by-products represents a strategic and sustainable approach to providing fibrous feed for beef cattle, particularly in regions facing high feed costs and the low nutritional value of unprocessed residues. Through microbial activity, fermentation alters the chemical composition of raw materials by degrading crude fiber components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, thereby enhancing nutrient availability, crude protein content, digestibility, and palatability. Consequently, fermented by-products improve rumen fermentation efficiency and overall cattle performance while reducing feed costs and mitigating environmental pollution from agricultural waste. The wide availability of agricultural residues ensures a consistent raw material supply, supporting feed sustainability within a circular economy framework. This review highlights the mechanisms and benefits of fermentation technology, its role in improving resource efficiency and farm profitability, and its potential contribution to sustainable livestock systems and national food security.]]>
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