<![CDATA[This research introduces an adaptive improved particle swarm optimization (AIPSO) approach for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach designed to enhance energy harvesting from photovoltaic (PV) systems under dynamic irradiance conditions. The proposed AIPSO algorithm addresses the challenges associated with traditional MPPT methods, particularly in scenarios characterized by fluctuating solar irradiance, such as step changes and partial shading. By incorporating a robust reinitialization strategy along with updated velocity and position equations, the algorithm demonstrates superior performance in terms of convergence accuracy, tracking speed, and tracking efficiency. This modification enables the algorithm to effectively escape local maxima and explore a wider search space, leading to improved convergence and optimal power point tracking. Furthermore, the adaptive nature of the PSO enhances the algorithm’s ability to respond to real-time changes in environmental conditions, making it particularly suitable for large- scale PV systems subjected to varying atmospheric factors. Here, “adaptive” denotes coefficient scheduling (C3) and a re-initialization trigger that responds to irradiance regime changes; “intelligent” denotes robust regime shift detection and safe duty ratio clamping. Across uniform, step change, and partial shading conditions, the proposed AIPSO achieves fast reconvergence and high tracking efficiency with negligible steady state oscillations, as summarized in the results. Building on this contribution, future research will focus on evaluating its scalability across different PV architectures and large-scale grid integration with real hardware setup.]]>
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