<![CDATA[Purpose: This study explores the dynamics of social and ecological adaptation within multi-level governance systems, focusing on the community's role in environmental management in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It aims to assess how governance structures, local knowledge, and community-driven strategies contribute to resilience against environmental challenges such as climate change, deforestation, and resource depletion. Subjects and Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a survey (n = 200) to measure community perceptions and governance effectiveness, and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) for qualitative insights. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and correlation analysis to explore the relationship between governance and community adaptation strategies. Results: The findings reveal that local governance is seen as the most effective in responding to community needs, while national governance is perceived as disconnected and less responsive. Communities actively engage in adaptation strategies like agricultural diversification, sustainable forestry, and water conservation, yet face significant barriers including financial constraints and insufficient infrastructure. Despite the challenges, local governance structures that incorporate community participation and local knowledge are crucial for fostering resilience. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the importance of integrated, multi-level governance that incorporates local knowledge and enhances collaboration between local, national, and non-governmental actors to build community resilience and improve environmental management.]]>
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