<![CDATA[Federated Learning is a distributed machine learning approach that enables model training without transferring raw data, thereby preserving user privacy. To improve conciseness, overlapping explanations of FL’s privacy benefits across the Abstract, Introduction, and Literature Review have been consolidated, highlighting its importance in sensitive domains while removing redundancy. This allows greater emphasis on the study’s novelty, particularly the Smart Contract design featuring multi-layer verification and reputation checking mechanisms. Despite its advantages, FL faces significant challenges related to model integrity, including parameter manipulation, model poisoning attacks, and limited trust among participating nodes. This study explores the integration of blockchain technology to address these issues. Leveraging decentralization, immutability, and transparency, blockchain is used to validate model updates, record contributions, and manage node reputation. The study employs a literature review and technical architecture design for a blockchain-integrated FL system. The results indicate that blockchain implementation enhances the reliability and security of FL training, especially in low-trust environments, with strong relevance for healthcare, finance, and IoT applications.]]>
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