<![CDATA[Abstract The concept of (PMH) or unlawful acts is a central mechanism in Indonesian civil law that protects individuals from conduct violating legal obligations, subjective rights, morality, and principles of propriety. Decision Number 48/Pdt.G/2020/PN Ptk provides a concrete illustration of PMH in practice, particularly in relation to the unlawful control and transfer of ownership of the barge Barlian 3311 and its cargo. This study examines the judge’s legal reasoning in determining whether the defendants fulfilled the elements of PMH, as well as the legal implications arising from the decision. Using a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this research draws on legislation, legal doctrine, and an analysis of the court decision. The findings show that the judge systematically assessed PMH elements based on doctrine, jurisprudence, and admissible evidence. The plaintiff proved lawful ownership through valid sale documentation, while the defendants failed to establish any legal basis for their actions. The court applied key principles concerning unlawful conduct, fault, damages, and causation. The decision imposes significant legal consequences, including the defendants’ obligation to surrender the vessel ownership certificate and compensate the plaintiff under restitutio in integrum. Keywords: Unlawful Acts, Judicial Reasoning, Compensation, Court Decision. Abstrak Konsep Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) merupakan mekanisme penting dalam hukum perdata Indonesia yang berfungsi melindungi individu dari tindakan yang melanggar kewajiban hukum, hak subjektif, moralitas, serta asas kepatutan. Putusan Nomor 48/Pdt.G/2020/PN Ptk memberikan ilustrasi konkret mengenai penerapan PMH, khususnya terkait penguasaan dan peralihan hak milik kapal tongkang Barlian 3311 beserta muatannya secara tidak sah. Penelitian ini mengkaji pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam menilai terpenuhinya unsur-unsur PMH oleh para tergugat serta akibat hukum yang timbul dari putusan tersebut. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, penelitian ini bersumber pada peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, serta analisis terhadap putusan pengadilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hakim menilai unsur-unsur PMH secara sistematis berdasarkan doktrin, yurisprudensi, dan alat bukti yang sah. Penggugat berhasil membuktikan kepemilikan sah melalui dokumen jual beli, sedangkan para tergugat gagal menunjukkan dasar hukum atas tindakan mereka. Pengadilan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip penting terkait perbuatan melawan hukum, kesalahan, kerugian, dan hubungan kausal. Putusan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum signifikan, termasuk kewajiban para tergugat untuk menyerahkan sertifikat kepemilikan kapal serta memberikan ganti rugi kepada Penggugat sesuai asas restitutio in integrum. Kata kunci : Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, Pertimbangan Hakim, Ganti Rugi, Putusan Pengadilan.]]>
Copyrights © 2025
