Performance and Durability of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Incorporating Bacillus safensis : A Comparative Study of Class C and Class F Fly Ash

Iqlima Nuril Amini (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus UNESA Ketintang, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia)
Dzikrie Fikriyan Syah (PT. Freeport Indonesia, Papua, Indonesia)
Davin H. Ekaputra Setiamarga (Department of Applied Chemical and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Wakayama College, Wakayama, Japan)
Makno Basoeki (Bioconc Center Foundation, Sidoarjo, Indonesia)
Luki Danardi (PT.Waskita Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia)
Irwanda Laory (School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom)
Martin Anda (Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Energy, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90, South St, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia)
Mahendra Andiek Maulana (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia)
Meity Wulandari (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus UNESA Ketintang, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia)
Januarti Jaya Ekaputri (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia)

Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol 8, No 2 (2025): October

This study investigates the performance and durability of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete enriched with Bacillus safensis, focusing on the comparative influence of Class C and Class F fly ash. Concrete mixtures were prepared with varying proportions of both fly ash types, with and without microbial addition, and tested for fresh and hardened properties including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, porosity, and workability. Durability was further evaluated using the rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and accelerated corrosion test (ACT).Results showed that Class C fly ash, with its higher calcium content, produced a denser microstructure and improved early compressive strength. In contrast, Class F fly ash supported more favorable long-term microbial activity due to greater porosity and water availability. Incorporating Bacillus safensis enhanced compressive strength by up to 8% and significantly reduced chloride ion penetration, particularly in Class F fly ash concrete, through calcium carbonate precipitation within the pores. However, microbial addition was associated with reduced splitting tensile strength, likely due to differences in failure mechanisms. Long-term observations revealed strength gains of up to 13.3% after one year in microbial HVFA concrete.These findings demonstrate the synergistic contribution of Bacillus safensis and the effect of fly ash type to the improvement of sustainability and durability of HVFA concrete.