<![CDATA[Purpose: The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative assessment of national data governance effectiveness across four key jurisdictions Indonesia, the European Union, India, and China during the period 2010–2024. The analysis aims to identify variations in governance capacity, institutional coordination, enforcement strength, cybersecurity readiness, and public trust, ultimately revealing how different regulatory architectures shape each country’s digital sovereignty and resilience against emerging data risks. Subjects and Methods: The analysis draws on synthesized academic literature, regulatory documents, cybersecurity reports, and official enforcement statistics published between 2010 and 2024. A comparative analytical approach was used to evaluate five core indicators: annual data breach incidents, enforcement actions, cross-border data requests, financial sanctions, and public trust. Data were organized into a unified comparative framework to identify structural strengths and governance gaps. Results: The European Union demonstrates the strongest policy effectiveness, with the highest enforcement capacity (210 actions), substantial cross-border data handling, and the highest public trust score (79). China also shows strong institutional enforcement, though driven by centralized governance and state-centric controls. India reflects transitional progress, balancing growing enforcement with moderate trust levels. Indonesia records the highest breach incidents and the lowest trust score, indicating gaps in institutional readiness, regulatory enforcement, and ecosystem resilience. Conclusions: Overall, the findings highlight that regulatory maturity and institutional coordination significantly shape policy effectiveness. Jurisdictions with coherent governance frameworks and strong enforcement capacities demonstrate higher public trust and lower vulnerability to data-related risks.]]>
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