<![CDATA[Global warming, driven in part by livestock manure emissions, poses a major environmental challenge. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) offers a waste-to-energy solution by converting solid cow manure into an energy source. This study investigates the impact of Bacillus sp. inoculation on the bio-drying process of cow dung. The main challenge in processing cow manure into RDF is ensuring the moisture content and calorific value meet the minimum RDF standards. Therefore, a bio-drying process is carried out on cow manure to achieve these required standards. Bio-drying performance was assessed based on drying time, moisture content, pH, and calorific value. The results show that inoculation with Bacillus sp.. at 10⁶ log cfu ml⁻¹ kg⁻¹ yielded the most efficient outcome, achieving the fastest drying time (12 days), lowest moisture content (9.64%), optimal pH (7.8), and highest calorific value (2,656.5 kcal/kg). The findings confirm a direct link between moisture reduction and calorific improvement. Hence, bio-dried cow dung treated with inoculation of Bacillus sp. 106 log cfu ml-1 Kg-1 is recommended as a viable RDF material.]]>
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