<![CDATA[The rapid growth of vehicles in urban areas has created significant challenges in parking management, particularly regarding operational efficiency and user experience. This research develops a smart parking system leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technology, equipped with real-time monitoring capabilities, online reservation features, and automated validation using QR codes for four-wheeled vehicles. The hardware implementation utilizes ESP8266 NodeMCU as the main controller, infrared sensors for vehicle detection, and SG90 servo motors for automated gate operation. On the software side, a web-based application was developed using PHP and Node.js, serving as both user interface and control panel for parking operators. Testing results indicate that infrared sensors perform optimally within a 5-20 cm range, achieving response times between 100-153 ms. The QR code validation mechanism successfully identifies valid, expired, and unauthorized tickets with 100% accuracy under normal operating conditions. Servo motors demonstrate consistent performance with operation times ranging from 2.2-2.7 seconds for opening and closing the gate. Data synchronization between ESP8266 and the server achieves average response times of 120-135 ms on stable connections, complemented by automatic recovery capabilities following network disruptions. The implementation of this system proves effective in enhancing parking operational efficiency through validation automation, real-time monitoring, and reduction of human errors, positioning it as a viable smart parking solution within the smart city ecosystem.]]>
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