<![CDATA[Aviation safety is a fundamental element of the global aviation industry, regulated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, particularly Annex 13 on Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation. This study aims to analyze the concepts, distinctions, and causal factors of accidents and incidents from the perspective of Annex 13, as well as to evaluate its contribution to enhancing aviation safety. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach through the analysis of official ICAO documents, including Annex 13, Doc 9859 Safety Management Manual (SMM), and Doc 9756 Manual of Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation. Supporting data are derived from case studies such as AirAsia QZ8501 representing an accident and Batik Air 7703 TransNusa as a serious incident. The findings indicate that Annex 13 provides a clear framework for classifying occurrences based on severity level, aircraft damage, and investigation priority. The primary contributing factors include human factors, technical failures, environmental conditions, and organizational system weaknesses. Annex 13based investigations are objective, independent, and prevention oriented rather than fault finding. Overall, Annex 13 serves not only as an investigative guideline but also as a systemic foundation for building a global safety culture that is data-driven, collaborative, and preventive in nature]]>
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