This study explores legal pluralism in the Torah, specifically the relationship between שבע מצוות בני נח (sheva mitzvot b’nei Noach; the seven laws for Noah's descendants) and תריג מצוות משה (taryag mitzvot Moshe; the 613 laws of Moses), as formulated in the rabbinic tradition. Through a historical-theological approach and textual analysis of the Mishnah, Talmud, and early church documents, this study maps how the distinction between laws that apply universally to humanity (Noahide laws) and specifically to the people of Israel (Mosaic laws) shapes the ethical framework of Judaism. Furthermore, this study traces how this pluralistic framework became the backdrop for early church debates in the first century regarding whether the Torah was binding on non-Jews. Findings show that the apostolic council in Jerusalem and early church writings understood themselves within a pluralistic Jewish legal landscape, not as a new system com-pletely detached from its Jewish roots. This study has implications for a rereading of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity, as well as opening up space for contemporary theological dialogue. Abstrak Kajian ini mengeksplorasi pluralisme hukum (legal pluralism) dalam Torah, khususnya relasi antara שבע מצוות בני נח (sheva mitzvot b’nei Noach; tujuh hukum bagi keturunan Nuh) dan תריג מצוות משה (taryag mitzvot Moshe; 613 hukum Musa), sebagaimana yang diformulasikan dalam tradisi rabinik. Melalui pendekatan historis-teologis dan analisis tekstual terhadap Mishnah, Talmud, serta dokumen-dokumen gereja mula-mula, penelitian ini memetakan bagaimana diferensiasi hukum yang berlaku bagi umat manusia secara universal (Noahide laws) dan bagi umat Israel secara khusus (Mosaic laws) yang membentuk kerangka etik Yudaisme. Lebih jauh, studi ini menelusuri bagaimana kerangka pluralistik tersebut menjadi latar belakang perdebatan gereja mula-mula pada abad pertama mengenai apakah Torah mengikat orang-orang non-Yahudi? Temuan menunjukkan bahwa konsili apostolik di Yerusalem dan tulisan-tulisan gereja perdana memahami diri mereka dalam lanskap hukum Yahudi yang plural, bukan sebagai sistem baru yang sepenuhnya terlepas dari akar Yudaisme. Studi ini berimplikasi pada pembacaan ulang relasi antara Yudaisme dan Kekristenan, serta membuka ruang dialog teologis kontemporer.
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