The Latest Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cocoa Fruit Peel Extract (Theobroma cacao L.) as a Bioreductant

S. Kasim (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Jalan. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.KM.10, Makassar,South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia)
W. Riskiyani (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Jalan. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.KM.10, Makassar,South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia)
A.N. Zahra (National Research and Innovation Agency, B. J. Habibie Science and Technology Complex (KST) Buildings 440-441 and 720, Serpong, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.)
I W. Sutapa (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, 93232, Indonesia.)
A. Kamari (Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris 35900. Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia)
C. Baskar (Department of Chemistry, Central University of Kashmir, Tulmulla, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India.)

International Journal of Acta Material
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): August 2025

Cocoa fruit peel contains a variety of phytochemicals, including tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins, which are anticipated to act as reducing agents. The green synthesis method employs methanol as a solvent to extract organic compounds from cocoa fruit peel, which serve as bio-reductants. This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles utilizing cocoa fruit peel extract as a bio-reductant. It involved the preparation of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solutions at varying concentrations of 0.5 mM, 1 mM, and 1.5 mM. Characterization of the nanoparticles was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The study observed the formation of silver nanoparticle colloids after 30 minutes of stirring, as evidenced by a color change in the colloid to brown. UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis revealed a maximum wavelength of 461 nm with an absorbance value of 2.032. Notably, as the concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) increased, the absorbance value correspondingly increased. The PSA results indicated that the silver nanoparticles had an average size of 96.08 nm.