<![CDATA[Wastewater from crude palm oil production is among the most concentrated agro-industrial effluents, marked by very high organic loads, suspended solids, and variable composition. Conventional treatments often struggle to consistently remove recalcitrant pollutants such as phenolics, color compounds, and emulsified oil. As a result, adsorption has gained global attention as a versatile and efficient alternative. This review summarizes recent advances in adsorption technologies for crude palm oil wastewater treatment. It highlights progress in adsorbent development, including biochar, mineral composites, layered double hydroxides, magnetic hybrids, and other engineered materials. Key removal mechanisms for organics, nutrients, and colloids are examined alongside insights from kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. The integration of adsorption with biological, membrane, and oxidation processes is also discussed, demonstrating improved removal efficiency and effluent stability. Major challenges remain, particularly in mechanical stability, regeneration, competitive adsorption, and large-scale validation. Future research should prioritize process intensification, sustainable regeneration methods, circular-economy-based adsorbent production, and life-cycle assessment. Overall, adsorption represents a promising pathway toward more sustainable and reliable crude palm oil wastewater management]]>
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