<![CDATA[Low learning outcomes in Indonesian language subjects, particularly in argumentative paragraph writing, remain a persistent challenge in elementary education, as many students struggle to construct logical arguments and express ideas critically, often due to teacher-centered instruction and limited discussion-based learning opportunities. This study examines the influence of discussion methods and students’ critical thinking abilities within a deep learning approach on Indonesian language learning outcomes. Using a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design, the study involved 24 fourth-grade students at SD Negeri Tambakaji 04, Semarang City, selected through saturated sampling. Data were collected through Indonesian language learning outcome tests and critical thinking questionnaires and analyzed using paired-sample t-tests, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression in SPSS version 23. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ learning outcomes following the implementation of discussion-based deep learning, with the mean score increasing from 51.25 on the pretest to 86.88 on the posttest (t = −15.370, p < 0.05). Regression analysis further indicated that the discussion method had a positive and significant effect on learning outcomes (β = 0.737, p < 0.05), while students’ critical thinking ability also exerted a positive and significant effect (β = 0.807, p < 0.05). Collectively, these variables explained 85.6% of the variance in learning outcomes (R² = 0.856). The study concludes that integrating discussion methods and critical thinking development within a deep learning framework can effectively enhance Indonesian language learning outcomes, particularly in argumentative writing, and contributes empirical support for the design of more interactive and cognitively engaging learning environments in elementary Indonesian language instruction.]]>
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