Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Modern Therapeutic Approaches

Muhammad Akram
Isaac John Umaru
Abid Mahmood
Mohammed Khudhair Hasan
Hind A. Abdulghafoor
Fahad Said Khan
Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
Gaweł Sołowski
Jaouher Ben Ali
Jehan Mohammed Al-Musawi

African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is an ailment of the gastrointestinal tract that is quite common and is marked by the development of open lesions known as ulcers in the stomach as well as in the proximal duodenum. It arises as a consequence of the imbalance between the protective enzymatic mechanisms of the mucosa, and the injurious agents like gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, and even non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While many ulcers heal spontaneously, complications such as bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction can lead to serious morbidity or mortality. With PUD, they can be treated and/or prevented if basic instruction is provided alongside a proper overview of the condition's etiological basis. In this case, pharmacological therapy and endoscopic procedures are heavily applicable.