<![CDATA[Background: In accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2022 concerning the National Waste Management Information System, waste management activities at each facility may include processing waste into compost. Paper waste accounts for approximately 10% of total waste generation in Indonesia. Given that paper fibers can only be recycled five to seven times before losing structural integrity, composting serves as a vital alternative for waste reduction. Paper waste is one of the major types of solid waste generated in educational institutions and offices. One alternative for its utilization is composting with the addition of effective microorganisms (EM-4) to accelerate decomposition. This study aimed to determine the effect of different EM-4 concentrations on the composting process of HVS paper waste. Methods: Paper waste is one of the major types of solid waste generated in educational institutions and offices. One alternative for its utilization is composting with the addition of effective microorganisms (EM-4) to accelerate decomposition. This study aimed to determine the effect of different EM-4 concentrations on the composting process of HVS paper waste. Results: EM-4 concentrations of 30 mL, 35 mL, and 40 mL produced better compost characteristics, including lower final temperatures closer to ambient conditions, darker color, finer texture, and faster decomposition times than the 20 mL, 25 mL, and control treatments. Conclusions: EM-4 concentrations of 30–40 mL were more effective for composting HVS paper waste under the conditions of this study.]]>
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