<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the performance of an overshot water wheel with holes added to the blades, focusing on mechanical power, torque, and efficiency. The experiment was conducted using a laboratory-scale water wheel prototype with a fixed number of eight blades. The experimental variations included the number of holes in each blade (12, 16, and 20) and hole diameters (0.07 m, 0.09 m, and 0.11m), with a blade without holes used as a reference condition. The tests were carried out under relatively constant water flow conditions, with shaft rotational speed measured using a tachometer and torque obtained via a braking method. The results indicate that adding holes to the blades significantly improves the performance of the overshot water wheel. The optimal configuration was achieved with 20 holes and a hole diameter of 0.11 m, producing a maximum power of approximately 21 W, the highest torque, and a maximum efficiency of 7.9%. This study demonstrates that optimizing blade design by adding holes is an effective approach to enhancing the performance of overshot water wheels in small-scale microhydropower applications. ]]>
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