<![CDATA[Debates on Islamic tolerance continue to turn on the relation between doctrinal conviction, freedom of conscience, and public coexistence in plural societies. This article examines how Muḥammad ʿImārah’s Al-Samāḥah al-Islāmiyyah constructs Islamic tolerance as coexistence ethics. Using directed qualitative content analysis, the study analyzes textual units concerning Qur'anic non-coercion, the Medina Charter, the Najran Covenant, historical coexistence, and critiques of coercive exclusivism. The analysis shows that ʿImārah organizes tolerance through four interrelated categories: theological non-coercion, constitutional pluralism, active protection of religious communities, and historical participation in Islamic civilization. Its contribution lies in reading Al-Samāḥah al-Islāmiyyah as a unified textual construction that links faith, law, citizenship, protection, and participation. Indonesia is used only as a theoretical context for discussing the relevance of these categories to religious moderation and national coexistence, not as an empirical field site. The article argues that al-samāḥah can function as an Islamic ethical-political vocabulary for defending religious freedom, inclusive citizenship, minority protection, and interfaith solidarity in plural societies.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
