<![CDATA[This study examines the effects of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions on digital transformation resistance among engineering employees in high-rise property management, while also assessing cross-generational heterogeneity. Using an explanatory quantitative design, data were collected through a survey of 150 respondents working in the Greater Jakarta area. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), followed by Measurement Invariance of Composite Models (MICOM) and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA). The pooled-sample results indicate that performance expectancy and effort expectancy have significant negative effects on digital transformation resistance, whereas social influence does not show a significant effect. Facilitating conditions exhibit a significant positive relationship and are therefore treated as an unexpected finding that requires theoretical caution. The study also finds that most respondents still operate within a hybrid digital-manual system, suggesting that resistance in this context is better understood as a burden of transition rather than as pure anti-technology rejection. Partial measurement invariance is supported only for the comparison between Generation X and Generation Z. Within this boundary, performance expectancy appears more salient for Generation X, whereas effort expectancy appears more salient for Generation Z. Findings involving Generation Y are treated as exploratory and are not used as a basis for strong generalization.]]>
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